Anybody with the chance of teaching English to Indonesian speakers should have experienced difficulties when it comes to non-verbal predicates and the placement of be. This volume looks at this ...matter from a grammar competition perspective.An experiment conducted in Bandar Lampung with Indonesian learners of English identified specific error patterns. These patterns result from grammar competition between the L1 Indonesian and the L2 English. This work mainly deals with the influence of adverbs such as still or already, and the category of the non-verbal predicate (adjectival, nominal, preposition phrase).Although the main focus of this work is in the field of language acquisition, this volume also provides a detailed contrast between English and Indonesian non-verbal predicates and the contrast of the English copula be and the Indonesian copulas ada and adalah. The lingusitic description is done in a generative DM-based approach. Thus, this volume does not only provide new insights in the field language acquisiton, but also in the generative description of Indonesian in general and non-verbal predicates in particular.
The latest tools and techniques for pricing and risk management This book introduces readers to the use of copula functions to represent the dynamics of financial assets and risk factors, integrated ...temporal and cross-section applications. The first part of the book will briefly introduce the standard the theory of copula functions, before examining the link between copulas and Markov processes. It will then introduce new techniques to design Markov processes that are suited to represent the dynamics of market risk factors and their co-movement, providing techniques to both estimate and simulate such dynamics. The second part of the book will show readers how to apply these methods to the evaluation of pricing of multivariate derivative contracts in the equity and credit markets. It will then move on to explore the applications of joint temporal and cross-section aggregation to the problem of risk integration.
This book is a collaborative effort from three workshops held over the last three years, all involving principal contributors to the vine-copula methodology. Research and applications in vines have ...been growing rapidly and there is now a growing need to collate basic results, and standardize terminology and methods. Specifically, this handbook will (1) trace historical developments, standardizing notation and terminology, (2) summarize results on bivariate copulae, (3) summarize results for regular vines, and (4) give an overview of its applications. In addition, many of these results are new and not readily available in any existing journals. New research directions are also discussed.
Coordinative compounds like Dichtermaler 'poet painter' show a coordinative internal relation between the two constituents they consist of. In contrast to determinative compounds they have not gained ...much attention in research in the last years so it is unclear whether they exist at all in languages like German and if so, whether they fall into several subclasses and in which ones. This article proposes a new typology of coordinative compounds based on the notion of (different kinds of) set union demonstrating that coordinative compounds do occur in German and that there are more types than previously thought. (Verlag).
U radu je ukratko prikazano shvaćanje strukture kopulativnih rečenica u svjetskom jezikoslovlju te problematizirana podjela na predikatne, specifikacijske, ekvivalentne i identifikacijske rečenice. ...Naglasak je na predikatnim kopulativnim rečenicama u kojima se u hrvatskom jeziku, kao i u pojedinim slavenskim jezicima, imenska skupina poslije kopule može ostvariti nominativom ili instrumentalom. Istražit će se ograničenja povezana s tom pojavom. Također će se na temelju primjera iz
korpusa analizirati može li se na hrvatski jezik primijeniti pretpostavka iznesena za ruski jezik da se instrumentalom izražava privremeno svojstvo, dok nominativom trajno. Utvrdit će se osjećaju li izvorni govornici tu razliku na temelju ankete u kojoj je sudjelovalo 106 ispitanika.
This paper analyses the structure of copular sentences and problematizes
their division into predicational, specificational, equative and identificational sentences.
Our emphasis is on predicate copular sentences in which the post-copular
NP can appear in the nominative or the instrumental case in Croatian, just like in some other Slavic languages. Occurrences of the instrumental case in copular predicates are extremely rare in south Slavic languages and there is some question as to when they appear at all. This paper presents the different theories about the occurrence of the instrumental case in predicative nominals (Mrázek 1964, Bailyn and Rubin 1991). Bailyn and Rubin (1991) consider the use of the instrumental case in secondary predicate adjuncts in the Russian language to be a language innovation, while Croatian and many other Slavic languages have a pattern that is found in the Old Church Slavonic
and Old Russian languages. The paper also analyses Croatian grammars, written before the 20th century, with the goal of determining when the instrumental case first appeared with the copula.
Many linguists (e.g. Jakobson 1936, Mrázek 1964, Wierzbicka 1980, Janda and Clancy 2002, Timberlake 2004, Geist 2006, Pereltsvaig 2007) consider
that the copular sentences with the nominative or the instrumental case
have different meanings in the Russian language: the nominative denotes
a permanent, inalienable property of the subject, while the instrumental denotes a temporary property. This assumption is analysed in the Croatian language based on the examples from the relevant Croatian language corpora.
We confirm the constraint, described in Croatian grammars, that the instrumental cannot appear with the copula in the present tense, but is possible in the perfect and future tenses. Cognitive grammar explains this by the application of the proximity principle: conceptual distance is related to formal distance. Therefore, the instrumental can appear with the copula in the perfect and future tenses, because there is distance between the subject and what he/she/it has been, or is going to
become. Conversely, in the present tense there is no distance, and therefore the pre-copular and post-copular NPs have the same case.
It is noted that nouns belonging to specific semantic groups appear in the instrumental case (profession, function, part of something, reason for something, goal, base etc.).
We conclude that the instrumental case denotes temporary, acquired properties, while the nominative case denotes permanent, inalienable properties. This conclusion is drawn using examples from the relevant Croatian language corpora and based on the fact that the instrumental cannot appear with present tense and that adjectives are rarely marked with instrumental. Furthermore, these conclusions were tested by examining native speakers’ linguistic intuition. Native speakers did not
recognize the semantic difference between sentences with a nominative predicate NP and an AP and instrumental. Therefore, our conclusion is that the instrumental case is related to style.
The century of education Morrisson, Christian; Murtin, Fabrice
Journal of human capital,
03/2009, Volume:
3, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This paper presents a historical database on educational attainment in 74 countries for the period 1870–2010, using perpetual inventory methods before 1960 and then the Cohen and Soto database. We ...use a measurement error framework to merge the two databases, while correcting for a systematic measurement bias in Cohen and Soto's study linked to differential mortality across educational groups. Descriptive statistics show a continuous spread of education that has accelerated in the second half of the twentieth century. We find evidence of fast convergence in years of schooling for a subsample of advanced countries during the 1870–1914 globalization period and of modest convergence since 1980. Less advanced countries have been excluded from the convergence club in both cases.
Die Buchreihe Linguistische Arbeiten (LA) trägt wesentlich zur aktuellen linguistischen Theoriebildung im Bereich der allgemeinen und einzelsprachlichen Linguistik bei. Veröffentlicht werden ...hochwertige Arbeiten, die aktuelle Fragestellungen bearbeiten und die Entwicklung der Sprachwissenschaft, synchron oder diachron, empirisch oder theoretisch orientiert, vorantreiben.
The paper contrasts the semantics of two nominalization patterns in German that are both (in a broad sense) based on adjectival meanings: morphological formations as Müdigkeit ('tiredness') (= N-MOR) ...and nominalized infinitival copular expressions as (das) Müde-Sein (lit. '(the) tired-be.INF') (= N-KOP). The author argues for the following distinction: whereas N-KOPs denote abstract states in the sense of Maienborn (and thus directly pick up the referent of the verbal copular expression), N-MORs introduce referential arguments for conceptually underspecified, but rather concrete manifestations of such abstract states. The proposal accounts for clear distributional and interpretative differences: N-MORs, but not N-KOPs are amenable to environments that select for non-abstract entities, as e.g. degree expressions, perception reports, and locative modifiers. Conversely, only N-KOPs are closed under negation and disjunction, on a par with abstract entities as facts. The paper concludes with a formal sketch of the meaning each nominalization pattern contributes. In particular, the proposal for N-MOR builds upon lexical supervenience as defined by Engelberg in order to relate manifestations and underlying abstract states. (Verlag, adapt.).
Dalam statistika salah satu ukuran untuk melihat ketergantungan antara dua peubah adalah dengan menggunakan koefisien korelasi. Namun, dalam banyak aplikasi finansial terutama manajemen risiko ...finansial penggunaan korelasi kadang tidaklah tepat. Salah satu contoh kelemahan korelasi adalah ketidakmampuan korelasi untuk menangkap hubungan nonlinear antara dua peubah. Selain itu, sifat-sifat umum korelasi yang dikenal biasanya hanya berlaku pada distribusi eliptik. Untuk itu diperlukan suatu metode untuk mengeksplorasi struktur ketergantungan antarpeubah tersebut. Metode ini adalah kopula. Tujuan artikel ini adalah memberikan tutorial singkat tentang kopula dan estimasinya.
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