•The key findings of our secondary quantitative analysis, revealed a strong correlation between educational level (especially related to medium-skilled young people) and precarious employment, which ...in its turn is associated with social vulnerability.•The qualitative research shows, that there is a clear tendency of general questioning of the education system and the entire educational mechanism by young people in relation to the degree matching the acquired (from the educational system) knowledge, skills and competences with the needs of the labor market and their adequacy and contribution to finding a job.•This skills mismatch is considered by young people to contribute to the reproduction of inequalities and to the intensity of the social vulnerability of the less socio-economically privileged.•A reshaped framework of labor market integration parameters is rising among youth, prioritizing the "degree of despair", work experience and informal social capital (in the form of acquaintances and networks).•The emerging, expanded and (often) forced, newly built work "normality" (with the frequent violation of the labour rights of precariously working young people) seems to lead to a reconstruction of "work ethics", with (irregular) labour norms prevailing.
Employability is undoubtedly critical for life chances, while is affected by the Economic Cries. During the last decade as well as in the begging of the new one, both the field of labour market and the working conditions have greatly affected by the impact of the back-to-back Crises, including the 2008 Economic Crisis and the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic. The abovementioned jointly with the mega-trend towards the digital economy have resulted in major modifications in the labour market, causing (among others), the gradual expansion of precarious work.
The present paper deals with the association among the educational capital, the precarious work and the social vulnerability, among Youth. Based on both secondary quantitative-data analysis and primary qualitative research, the paper briefly analyses the relevant state-of-play in the EU, while it focuses on the Greek case. Issues related to the correlation between educational capital/ level and precarious work, the reproduction of socio-economic inequalities via education, the role of skills mismatch in the employment status and prospects, the parameters and characteristics of precarious employment and its impact to young people’ life course and life chances (including social vulnerability and in-work poverty risk), are raised, among others.
. Motivated by differences in new‐firm survival across regions, this paper explores the impact of regional human capital on new‐firm survival rates. New‐firm survival is interpreted through ...formation rates of surviving versus closed firms in the service sector. By incorporating knowledge spillovers through a geographical variation model for Labour Market Areas, we empirically test the relationship between regional human capital stocks and new‐firm survival. The expected positive relationship between regional human capital and new‐firm survival is supported for the period 1993–1995, but is not as strong for the recession period 1990–1992. Controlling for human capital, the new‐firm survival rate is negatively related to service sector specialisation and positively related to all‐industry intensity, suggesting that city size and diversity may be an important determinant of new‐firm survival in both periods.
. Motivado por las diferencias entre economías regionales en la supervivencia de nuevas empresas, este artículo explora el impacto del capital humano regional en las tasas de supervivencia de nuevas empresas. La supervivencia de nuevas empresas se interpreta a través de las tasas de formación de empresas supervivientes respecto de empresas que han cerrado en el sector servicios. Mediante la incorporación de spillovers (efectos derrame) de conocimiento en un modelo de variación geográfica para Áreas de Mercado Laboral, analizamos empíricamente la relación entre reservas de capital humano y la supervivencia de nuevas empresas. La esperada relación positiva entre el capital humano regional y la supervivencia de nuevas empresas es válida para el periodo 1993‐1995, pero no lo es tanto para el periodo de recesión 1990‐1992. Controlando la variable capital humano, la tasa de supervivencia de nuevas empresas esta relacionada negativamente con la especialización del sector servicios y positivamente relacionada a la intensidad del total de industrias, sugiriendo que el tamaño de la ciudad y la diversidad podría ser un factor determinante de la supervivencia de nuevas empresas en ambos periodos.
Private consumption is considered one of the main drivers of economic growth in Western Balkan countries. The main aim of this study is to estimate the impact of private consumption on the economic ...growth of the Western Balkans, including the North Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia. Housing wealth was even the main driver of total private consumption in the European Union (EU) countries as a whole (Barradas, 2017). Based on an extensive literature review for panel data, this study uses econometric models with fixed effect, random effect, and Hausman-Taylor test. The data are taken from the World Development Indicators by country (The World Bank, n.d.) and cover the period 2010–2019. Based on the Hausman-Taylor test, the model that fits a small sample as in our case is chosen as the fixed effect. The results of the estimator show that a 1% increase in final consumption leads to a 0.43% increase in gross domestic product (GDP) growth and that, on the other hand, a 1% increase in the employment rate increases GDP by 0.11%. The most important domestic factor continues to be private consumption, driven by record levels in the labour market and further strengthening of household purchasing power (Bank of Slovenia, 2020). The study concludes that private consumption is the main driver of economic growth and sustainability in the case of the Western Balkans.
Over the past 30 years, the U. S. inmate population has increased dramatically, and the penal system has acquired growing attention in accounts of recent trends in economic stratification. As the ...prison system has expanded, its population has aged; incarceration rates have risen sharpest among older age groups. A large body of research documents differences in criminal offending and incarceration over the life course, but little attention has been paid to how the effects of spending time in prison depend on the timing of incarceration in the life course. Using state administrative data that provide significant variance in the age of offenders, this article investigates how the timing of incarceration in the life course influences its effects on post-release employment and wages. We do not find consistent evidence that incarceration effects vary by age at admission. Instead, incarceration appears to have important consequences for employment and wage outcomes regardless of when individuals are admitted to prison. Even the most motivated offenders suffer sizeable and significant wage penalties and, over time, decreased likelihood of employment. These findings underscore the relevance of legal and institutional shifts associated with carcerai expansion and the aging of the inmate population for life course theories of criminal desistance, accounts of labor market inequality, and prisoner reentry programs.
This paper is the first to provide estimates of how minimum wages affect worker flows and employment growth rates in an employment scarce developing country context. We investigate the effects of a ...large, exogenous increase in agricultural minimum wages in South Africa. We find that changes occurred primarily among non‐seasonal workers. Non‐seasonal agricultural employment growth decreased in the initial periods after the minimum wage hike. This was mainly driven by slower rates of entry. The effect on the rate of entry decreases over time. While farms also responded by shedding non‐seasonal workers at higher rates, this negative effect was limited to 1 year directly after the minimum wage hike. Employment growth recovers 4 years after the policy shock, indicating that firms adjusted relatively quickly despite the large legislated minimum wage increase. Seasonal employment growth and rates of entry and exit of seasonal workers were for the most part unaffected. Descriptive statistics, however, suggest a slight compositional change among seasonal workers: Farms replaced the worst paid seasonal workers with other low‐income workers who were slightly better paid and presumably more productive.
. Over the past 30 years, the share of adult populations with college degrees increased more in cities with higher initial schooling levels than in initially less educated places. This tendency ...appears to be driven by shifts in labor demand as there is an increasing wage premium for skilled people working in skilled cities. In this article, we present a model where the clustering of skilled people in metropolitan areas is driven by the tendency of skilled entrepreneurs to innovate in ways that employ other skilled people and by the elasticity of housing supply.
Borrowed sizes Bohman, Helena; Nilsson, Désirée
Journal of transport and land use,
01/2021, Volume:
14, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Property prices are known to be higher in places with high accessibility, such as in proximity to train stations and especially to commuter rail, than in places without this access. This study ...provides a better understanding of how regional accessibility, through the structure of railway networks, can influence local agglomeration economies by providing accessibility to large labor markets. Previous literature has shown a positive impact of proximity to railway stations on housing prices, and our study adds to the literature by analyzing the impact of network structure. We argue that public transport systems can support the benefits of city networks in line with Alonso’s concept of borrowed sizes (1973). Using network theory to measure accessibility provided by the network, we show that stations that provide accessibility to large labor markets across the region are perceived as more attractive by households. Cities in proximity to other cities are strengthened through their public transport links, which allow agglomeration benefits to be exploited by residents.
In recent years, the role of human capital in economic development has been integrated with the concept of ‘creative class’. To investigate the impact of creative occupations, the paper focuses on ...the jobs and career opportunities of individuals with high human capital in the creative disciplines (bohemian graduates). Using micro‐individual student data by the Higher Education Statistical Agency, we highlight the mismatch between bohemian graduates and creative occupations and their low economic reward. The data question the role of bohemian graduates as agents of knowledge spillovers and highlight the need to differentiate between different type of human capital and job markets to better understand their influence on local growth.
El rol del capital humano en el desarrollo económico ha incorporado en los últimos años el concepto de la ‘clase creativa’. Para investigar el impacto de los puestos de trabajo creativos, este artículo se centra en los puestos y oportunidades laborales de individuos con un capital humano elevado dentro de las disciplinas creativas (graduados bohemios). Utilizando datos micro‐individuales de estudiantes de la Agencia Estadística de Educación Superior (HESA, U.K.) ponemos de manifiesto la falta de concordancia entre graduados bohemios, ocupaciones creativas, y baja remuneración económica. Los datos cuestionan el papel de los graduados bohemios como agentes de spillovers de conocimiento y resaltan la necesidad de distinguir entre tipos diferentes de capital humano y mercados laborales para entender mejor su influencia en el crecimiento local.
This paper using 68th round National Sample Survey of India data on Employment and Unemployment for 2011-2012 wants to investigate the incidence of poverty, acuteness of poverty and their ...determinants among the informal workers of India. It is shown that percentage of poverty has been lowest among the self-employed workers and highest among the informal workers in the formal sector in the rural area, while in the urban area the result is just the opposite. Although percentage of poverty-stricken workers has been higher in the rural area compared to that of the urban, acuteness of poverty has been the other way round. The determining factors of incidence of poverty and acuteness of poverty among the informal workers are general educational qualification, social groups, and sectors. These determining factors can be considered as important policy variables to reduce the incidence and acuteness of poverty among the informal workers of India.
Underemployment, continued growth in the supply of graduates and seemingly perpetual instability are dominant trends in graduate labour markets. In order to negotiate an increasingly complex career ...terrain, graduates require sharpened skills in effectively managing their own careers and a strong assurance of their own capabilities. This study focuses on the individual dimensions of perceived employability (PE) and explores perceptions among undergraduates and the associated influence of career management competencies, work experience and individual characteristics. Data were collected for 480 business undergraduates at a UK and Australian university using an online survey. Findings indicate that, overall, undergraduates demonstrated reasonably high levels of PE. Certain career management competencies influenced perceptions, in addition to work experience and individual characteristics. The study is relevant to stakeholders, including educators, employers and students, from developed economies as it highlights coherent strategies to enhance PE among higher education students. These may lead to increased individual success in the labour market and more effective recruitment, retention and performance of new graduates.
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