Drawing on both Barthes' concepts of weariness, laziness, and boredom and Sartre's bad faith, this article analyzes Palestinian students' psychological discomfort with online education. As ...instructors of English, we have drawn not only on our own teaching experiences but have also analyzed the testimonies of our colleagues. We contend that online education, brought about by the pandemic, has had a profound psychological effect on students as evidenced by their lack of participation and their disinterest in this mode of education. Students' silence or their minimal yes/no responses to their instructors' questions further highlight their boredom during online instruction where there is no dialogue or immediate interaction between students and instructors, students and students, and students and texts. Moreover, many students have testified that they use Facebook to indulge in virtual reality so as to escape the demands of their teachers. The study contends that the birth of the weary, melancholic academic body is symptomatic of the online mode of education in Palestine.
Purpose The privacy paradox refers to the situation where users of online services continue to disclose personal information even when they are concerned about their privacy. One recent study of ...Facebook users published in Internet Research concludes that laziness contributes to the privacy paradox. The purpose of this study is to challenge the laziness explanation. To do so, we adopt a cognitive dispositions perspective and examine how a person’s external locus of control influences the privacy paradox, beyond the trait of laziness. Design/methodology/approach A mixed method approach is adopted. We first develop a research model which hypothesises the moderating effects of both laziness and external locus of control on privacy issues. We quantitatively test the research model through a two-phase survey of 463 Facebook users using the Hayes PROCESS macro. We then conduct a qualitative study to verify and develop the findings from the quantitative phase. Findings The privacy paradox holds true. The findings confirm the significant influence of external locus of control on the privacy paradox. While our quantitative findings suggest laziness does not affect the association between privacy concerns and self-disclosure, our qualitative data does provide some support for the laziness explanation. Originality/value Our study extends existing research by showing that a person’s external locus of control provides a stronger explanation for the privacy paradox than the laziness perspective. As such, this study further reveals the boundary conditions on which the privacy paradox exists for some users of social networking sites, but not others. Our study also suggests cognitive dissonance coping strategies, which are largely absent in prior investigations, may influence the privacy paradox.
Laziness is taboo, yet this paper is a manifesto for the lazy and I its author count myself as one of that otherwise nondescript rabble. Laziness is not something to be proud of or to proclaim ...publicly without embarrassment. 'Otiose', a word that originally meant leisure, has come to mean of no practical benefit, as if leisure is not practically beneficial as such. Yet like a taboo or a ghost, its non-existence still haunts us, and this essay seeks to trace its wilful outline by means of certain similarities in shape and form or isomorphisms that relate otherwise distinct phenomena. Outlining that isomorphism is akin to drawing the chalk outline of a body in a murder scene without the body - only by the signature of that body.
Incentive adjustments to promote the rational utilization of natural resources by local governments, China has proposed a new policy called Off-Office Audit of Natural Resource Assets (OANRA) ...targeting local leaders. However, how this policy affects incentives for land use behavior remains understudied. Treating the policy pilot as a quasi-natural experiment, based on the staggered DID method and micro-level land leasing data, we investigate how OANRA changes local government land leasing behavior. The study finds that after the implementation of OANRA, the scale of local land leasing significantly decreased, with a further acceleration nearing the end of the term. This may be attributed to OANRA alleviating fiscal and political incentives that drive land leasing impulses. More directly, the regulatory effect of OANRA reduces non-compliant land leasing by local officials. Interestingly, OANRA also unexpectedly induces officials to become lazy, deterring some compliant land leasing. Our findings provide insights into understanding incentives for land use behavior and better incentivizing local officials to properly utilize and protect land resources.
•Implementation of the off-office audit of natural resource assets (OANRA) reduces local land leasing.•Near the end of their term, OANRA strengthens its inhibitory effect on land leasing.•OANRA undermines the fiscal and political incentives that drive land leasing impulses.•OANRA regulates non-compliant land leasing by local officials.•OANRA unexpectedly induces a laziness effect, deterring compliant land leasing.
A robust finding in the welfare state literature is that public support for the welfare state differs widely across countries. Yet recent research on the psychology of welfare support suggests that ...people everywhere form welfare opinions using psychological predispositions designed to regulate interpersonal help giving using cues regarding recipient effort. We argue that this implies that cross-national differences in welfare support emerge from mutable differences in stereotypes about recipient efforts rather than deep differences in psychological predispositions. Using free-association tasks and experiments embedded in large-scale, nationally representative surveys collected in the United States and Denmark, we test this argument by investigating the stability of opinion differences when faced with the presence and absence of cues about the deservingness of specific welfare recipients. Despite decades of exposure to different cultures and welfare institutions, two sentences of information can make welfare support across the U.S. and Scandinavian samples substantially and statistically indistinguishable.
This study explores whether Americans' punitiveness and perceptions of redeemability are shaped more by the type of crime committed or by judgements about an offender's moral character. Guided by ...theories of neoliberalism, we focus on laziness as an indicator of flawed character that is independent of criminality. A sentencing vignette experiment administered to a national sample of the U.S. population tested the effects of crime type and a defendant's employment status, work ethic, and race on respondents' preferred punishment and perceptions of the defendant's redeemability. Both crime type and work ethic significantly affect perceived (ir)redeemability and sentencing preferences, but the effects are not identical. Work ethic exerts the largest effect on perceived (ir)redeemability, whereas crime type most strongly influences sentencing preferences. We discuss the implications of our findings for act- vs. person-centered theories of punishment, as well as the role of laziness stigma in social responses to lawbreakers.
This research delves into the phenomenon of citation errors in academia, focusing on a specific case where renowned behavioural economist George Loewenstein incorrectly attributed a quote to William ...Stanley Jevons instead of his son Herbert Stanley Jevons. This unique setting serves as a “radioactive tracer” to investigate the presence of intentional laziness in academic practices, as opposed to unintentional errors. We find that research citing Loewenstein’s paper were significantly more likely to make the same mistake than papers that did not. On the other hand, others citing a subsequent paper by Loewenstein—in which he rectified the error—are not subject to those mistakes. Moreover, those who cited additional works by Jevons, regardless of whether they were authored by William S. or Herbert S., were less likely to commit the error. Additionally, scholars who obtained their PhD from higher-ranked institutions were less likely to make the mistake. Interestingly, papers with female authors were less likely to make such a mistake.
In recent years, deep learning and multimodal data have substantially propelled the development of building extraction models. However, prevailing multimodal methods are difficult to cope with two ...challenges: 1) modal laziness: the training error is minimized before the model has learned extensive unimodal patterns and 2) modal imbalance: the backpropagation process is easily dominated by a certain modality. As a result, the unimodal features learning is insufficient, leading to limited performance of the model when dealing with the intricate foreground and background contexts surrounding the buildings. In this article, we deal with this problem from the perspective of algorithm and model evaluation. At the algorithmic level, we propose a unimodal feature enhancement (UFE) framework. Specifically, UFE is model-agnostic, comprising two distinct components: adaptive gradient enhancement (AGE) for modal laziness and consistency constraint loss (CCL) for modal imbalance. AGE dynamically modulates the original gradient by monitoring the representation effects of unimodal features and multimodal fusion features. CCL imposes mutual constraints on diverse modal branches at the semantic level to reconcile the optimization process. At the model evaluation level, a new metric, named unimodal utilization ratio (UUR), is presented to assess models through the learning efficacy of unimodal features. The experimental results including the variants of UUR on two building extraction datasets demonstrate a substantial performance improvement by UFE. Moreover, UFE also exhibits its adaptability when integrated with various model components and its generalization on other multimodal image-related tasks.
Introduction Nowadays, the benefits of using computer systems and local area networks have become an essential tool for the success of managers and are common in most developed countries. In ...particular, the Internet has become an essential part of the working and daily lives of many employees, and organizations, through the activities of various departments, gain the opportunities and potentials provided by the Internet very quickly and use them to achieve their goals accordingly (Machado et al., 2014). In today’s constantly changing world, the Internet enables organizations to lower their costs and provide better products and services. In addition to the benefits it has created in organizations, the Internet is also an effective business tool; it has also made the world's largest entertainment tool available to employees (Razmi et al, 2018). However, the staff’s personal and unnecessary use of the Internet, which is referred to as cyberloafing, has become a major concern for managers of organizations. Materials and Methods The study is an applied research in terms of its purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of research type. The statistical population of the study was a total of 1317 employees of organizations located in the city of Khorramabad, Lorestan province. Based on the Morgan table, a sample size of 297 was selected by the stratified random sampling method. In order to measure the variables of the research, a standard questionnaire was used. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by using the content validity method and Cronbach’s alpha. For data analysis, the structural equation modeling and PLS software were used. Discussion of Results and Conclusions The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bureaucratic culture on employee cyberlooping among the personnel of governmental departments of Lorestan Province with the mediating role of organizational laziness. The first hypothesis was developed in such a way that bureaucratic culture had a positive and significant effect on employee cyberbullying. The results of the analysis of the research data showed that the first hypothesis was confirmed. In other words, bureaucratic culture, by allowing the minimum and regardless of the principle of competition and continuous improvement of the quality and quantity of work has made a lot of extra time available to employees and this has caused inappropriate use of the organization’s communication network for entertainment and personal work. The second hypothesis of the research was that bureaucratic culture had a positive and significant effect on the organizational laziness of employees in governmental organizations in Lorestan province. The results of this study confirmed this hypothesis. In other words, in a bureaucratic culture, clear tasks, hierarchical powers, strict rules, discipline, low employee engagement, and formal and hierarchical relationships are all factors that undermine employee freedom of action and creativity. This causes employees to become lazy on their own. In fact, people might not see any challenge in performing their duties and prefer to refrain from doing repetitive tasks and work under any pretext. The third hypothesis of this study was developed in such a way that organizational laziness had a positive and significant effect on employee’s cyberbullying. The results of the analysis of the research data confirmed this hypothesis. In other words, organizational laziness and not paying attention to the central result and output of employees and leaving them to do the minimum that ultimately leads to the spread of organizational laziness could created so much job-free time in the organization and members of the organization might fill this extra time by misusing the organization’s Internet. The fourth hypothesis, which is, in fact, the main purpose of the present study, was that a bureaucratic culture increases the misbehavior of cyberbullying through the mediating variable of organizational laziness. The results of the analysis of the collected data confirmed this hypothesis. In fact, bureaucratic culture provides employees with a lot of extra time by defining the minimum work floor and regardless of the outputs and maximum potentials which in turn time leads to the spread of laziness in the organization. As a result, the employees escape boredom by misusing the organization’s communication network resources.
Attitudes toward racialized and redistributive policies like welfare are often thought of as a function of both principled ideological positions and the underlying racial attitudes a person holds. ...Kinder and Sanders (1996) look at racial resentment as one explanation, while Sniderman and his colleagues look to principled conservatism and authoritarianism as viable alternatives, claiming that racial resentment is merely proxying a legitimate race-neutral commitment to equality of opportunity. This article engages this debate through an experimental design which tests whether "hard work" is rewarded in a color-blind manner. The experimental design also affords scholars the opportunity to separate the effects of the two components of racial resentment: principled values and racial animus. The results show that American norms and implicit racism serve to uniquely privilege whites in a variety of ways.
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