We show that streams and lazy data structures are a natural idiom for programming with infinite-dimensional Bayesian methods such as Poisson processes, Gaussian processes, jump processes, Dirichlet ...processes, and Beta processes. The crucial semantic idea, inspired by developments in synthetic probability theory, is to work with two separate monads: an affine monad of probability, which supports laziness, and a commutative, non-affine monad of measures, which does not. (Affine means that T(1)≅ 1.) We show that the separation is important from a decidability perspective, and that the recent model of quasi-Borel spaces supports these two monads. To perform Bayesian inference with these examples, we introduce new inference methods that are specially adapted to laziness; they are proven correct by reference to the Metropolis-Hastings-Green method. Our theoretical development is implemented as a Haskell library, LazyPPL.
Globally, the prevalence of self-medication among young people has increased exponentially. Due to the basic knowledge and easy access to medicines, undergraduate students at health science colleges ...are likely to self-medicate. This research was undertaken to assess self-medication prevalence and its contributing factors among female undergraduate students in health science colleges at Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia.
A descriptive, cross-sectional study involving 214 female students from the Majmaah University in Saudi Arabia's health science colleges-Medical: (82, 38.31%) and Applied Medical Science College (132, 61.68%)-was conducted. A self-administered questionnaire with sociodemographic information, drugs used, and reasons for self-medication was used for the survey. Non-probability sampling techniques were used to recruit participants.
Of the 214 female participants, 173, 80.84 % (medical: 82, 38.31% and applied medical science: 132, 61.68%) confirmed that they were on self-medication. The majority of participants (42.1%) were between the ages of 20 and 21.5 years (mean ± SD: 20.81 ± 1.4). The main reasons for self-medication were quick relief from the illness (77.5%) followed by saving time (76.3%), minor illnesses (71.1%), self-confidence (56.7%), and laziness (56.7%). The use of leftover drugs at home was common among applied medical science students (39.9%). The main indication for self-medication included menstrual problems (82.7 %), headache (79.8%), fever (72.8%), pain (71.1%), and stress (35.3%). The most common drugs used included antipyretic and analgesics (84.4%), antispasmodics (78.9%), antibiotics (76.9%), antacids (68.2%), multivitamins, and dietary supplements (66.5%). On the contrary, the least used drugs were antidepressants, anxiolytics, and sedatives (3.5, 5.8, and 7.5 %, respectively). Family members were the main source of information for self-medication (67.1%), followed by self-acquired knowledge (64.7%), social media (55.5%), and least were friends (31.2%). For adverse effects of the medication, the majority of them consulted the physician (85%) followed by consulting the pharmacist (56.7%) and switched to other drugs or decreased drug dosage. Quick relief, saving time, and minor illness were the main reasons for self-medication among health science college students. It is recommended to conduct awareness programs, workshops, and seminars to educate on the benefits and adverse effects of self-medication.
Abstract
This paper presents
PFLP
, a library for probabilistic programming in the functional logic programming language Curry. It demonstrates how the concepts of a functional logic programming ...language support the implementation of a library for probabilistic programming. In fact, the paradigms of functional logic and probabilistic programming are closely connected. That is, language characteristics from one area exist in the other and vice versa. For example, the concepts of non-deterministic choice and call-time choice as known from functional logic programming are related to and coincide with stochastic memoization and probabilistic choice in probabilistic programming, respectively. We will further see that an implementation based on the concepts of functional logic programming can have benefits with respect to performance compared to a standard list-based implementation and can even compete with full-blown probabilistic programming languages, which we illustrate by several benchmarks.
Ignorance and sloth have been the most two basic problems of Islamic world for centuries. However Islam, as a religion, attaches a very big İmportance to work and be learned. In this case, the basic ...question is this: "Whether ignorance and sloth lead to come into being a religious mentality suitable for themselves or the present religious mentality leads to ignorance and sloth? "In this article, moving from the views of Mehmet Akif who did not only point out the social problems of the era in which he lived but also proposed ways of solution to be free from them, the answer of this question will be investigated
Ethnic jokes are a form of comical narration extremely widespread throughout the social life of various nations. They generally centre on neighbouring nations and reveal a positive assessment of ...one's own ethnic group, usually negatively evaluating other nations. The subject of the analysis is jokes about Montenegrins, who are known in the Balkans for their laziness and slow lifestyle. However, they are able to transform this unfair stereotype into an advantage, a cultural identifier, which is reflected in popular culture, numerous jokes and tourist promotion of the country.
This paper seeks to explore the notion of “island time” as a metaphor for addressing the multiple island temporalities emerging in the community of Sali, the biggest settlement on the southern shore ...of Dugi otok. In general, temporalities are conceived as the mode and the rhythm of being, entangled within the thick web of social, cultural, spatial, economic, gendered, and ideological transformations. The concept of “multiple temporalities”, inspired by the time studies and the anthropology of thime theoretical framework, points to the processes of diverse temporal frames and rhythms overlapping, intertwining, and coexisting. The focus of this paper is on the emergence of linčarnica, a triangular slope in the port of Sali. Based on ethnographic research, the paper will address the problems involved in the social and cultural creation of “island time”, popularly known as time moving at a slower pace. By problematising the concept of temporality at the crossroads of Mediterranean studies, island studies, time studies, and Balkan studies, the paper will address questions of specific, island-triggered, and socially performed atmospheric “island time” rebranded for the purpose of tourism and imagined within the specific cultural and social milieu of Dalmatia.
The pursuit of laziness Saint-Amand, Pierre; Gage, Jennifer Curtiss
2011., 20110509, 2011, 2011-05-09, 20110101
eBook
We think of the Enlightenment as an era dominated by ideas of progress, production, and industry--not an era that favored the lax and indolent individual. But was the Enlightenment only about the ...unceasing improvement of self and society? The Pursuit of Laziness examines moral, political, and economic treatises of the period, and reveals that crucial eighteenth-century texts did find value in idleness and nonproductivity. Fleshing out Enlightenment thinking in the works of Denis Diderot, Joseph Joubert, Pierre de Marivaux, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Jean-Siméon Chardin, this book explores idleness in all its guises, and illustrates that laziness existed, not as a vice of the wretched, but as an exemplar of modernity and a resistance to beliefs about virtue and utility.
Commentary piece Koncewicz-Dziduch, Edyta
European journal of humour research,
2017, Volume:
5, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Ethnic jokes are a form of comical narration extremely widespread throughout the social life of various nations. They generally centre on neighbouring nations and reveal a positive assessment of ...one's own ethnic group, usually negatively evaluating other nations. The subject of the analysis is jokes about Montenegrins, who are known in the Balkans for their laziness and slow lifestyle. However, they are able to transform this unfair stereotype into an advantage, a cultural identifier, which is reflected in popular culture, numerous jokes and tourist promotion of the country.
Idleness O'Connor, Brian
2018, 2018., 20180612, 2018-06-12
eBook
The first book to challenge modern philosophy’s case against idleness, revealing why the idle state is one of true freedomFor millennia, idleness and laziness have been regarded as vices. We're all ...expected to work to survive and get ahead, and devoting energy to anything but labor and self-improvement can seem like a luxury or a moral failure. Far from questioning this conventional wisdom, modern philosophers have worked hard to develop new reasons to denigrate idleness. In Idleness, the first book to challenge modern philosophy's portrayal of inactivity, Brian O'Connor argues that the case against an indifference to work and effort is flawed--and that idle aimlessness may instead allow for the highest form of freedom.Idleness explores how some of the most influential modern philosophers drew a direct connection between making the most of our humanity and avoiding laziness. Idleness was dismissed as contrary to the need people have to become autonomous and make whole, integrated beings of themselves (Kant) to be useful (Kant and Hegel) to accept communal norms (Hegel) to contribute to the social good by working (Marx) and to avoid boredom (Schopenhauer and de Beauvoir). O'Connor throws doubt on all these arguments, presenting a sympathetic vision of the inactive and unserious that draws on more productive ideas about idleness, from ancient Greece through Robert Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy, Schiller and Marcuse's thoughts about the importance of play, and recent critiques of the cult of work. A thought-provoking reconsideration of productivity for the twenty-first century, Idleness shows that, from now on, no theory of what it means to have a free mind can exclude idleness from the conversation.
When people cannot find good work, can they still find good
lives? By investigating this question in the context of South
Africa, where only 43 percent of adults are employed, Christine
Jeske invites ...readers to examine their own assumptions about how
work and the good life do or do not coincide. The Laziness
Myth challenges the widespread premise that hard work
determines success by tracing the titular "laziness myth," a
persistent narrative that disguises the systems and structures that
produce inequalities while blaming unemployment and other social
ills on the so-called laziness of particular class, racial, and
ethnic groups.
Jeske offers evidence of the laziness myth's harsh consequences,
as well as insights into how to challenge it with other South
African narratives of a good life. In contexts as diverse as
rapping in a library, manufacturing leather shoes, weed-whacking
neighbors' yards, negotiating marriage plans, and sharing water
taps, the people described in this book will stimulate discussion
on creative possibilities for seeking the good life in and out of
employment, in South Africa and elsewhere.
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