The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in many people losing their jobs, if the person concerned is a bank debtor, it can result in him failing to make credit instalments to the bank as the creditor. ...This study aims to find out how the legal consequences of the Covid-19 Pandemic have on credit agreements in Indonesia and how to resolve them in case of default. The results showed that the Covid-19 Pandemic resulted in difficulties for debtors to pay credit instalments to banks as creditors and made debtors in default. Settlement steps that can be taken if the debtor is in default are Termination of the Agreement or Postponement of Debt Payment Obligations. If the cause of the debtor's inability to carry out his obligations as a result of a decrease in income during the Covid-19 Pandemic, the settlement using the Postponement of Debt Payment Obligation is the most appropriate option because in the future after the Covid-19 Pandemic can be resolved, the debtor is considered still can settle its obligations as stated in the Credit Agreement
The administrative act produces effects for a period of time until it is at an end – tempus regit actum. Publicity of acts constitutes a validity condition; no one could invoke the nemo censetur ...legem principle. Three main modalities entail the end of the effects: the act is at an end, falling into desuetude or repealed. There are also other cases, such as: a) repealing of the legal basis; b) ascertaining the unconstitutionality on the basis of article 147 par. (1) of the Constitution; c) adoption of a law for the rejection of an ordinance; d) issuance of a decision that declares unconstitutional the law for the approval of an ordinance; e) inexistence and caducity of an ordinance; f) repealing of the repealed norms of ordinances; g) annulment of a normative administrative act; h) promulgation of the law before the issuing of the decision by the Constitutional Court; i) ending the effects of a governmental decision, following the removing of a company from the companies registry; j) total replacement of the title and object of a regulation through the law for the approval of an ordinance. Accordingly, the cases of ending effects of administrative acts are wider than the three main modalities, as well as the institution of ending legal effects of normative acts is broader than the institution of repealing those acts.
In order to successfully exercise their mandate to adopt binding conservation and management measures (CMMs) for straddling and highly migratory fish stocks, regional fisheries management ...organizations (RFMOs) and arrangements (RFMAs) need effective decision-making procedures. The constitutive instruments of a considerable number of such bodies contain objection procedures which allow individual members to unilaterally opt-out of an adopted CMM. Most scholars and RFMO performance review panels consider that unconstrained unilateral objection procedures undermine the decision-making procedures of both RFMOs and RFMAs. This article examines the phenomenon of CMM nullification provisions, which are present in five RFMOs. Such provisions deprive adopted CMMs of their binding force for all members if a certain number of members of the RFMO object to the CMM. This article argues that there is a case for a phase-out of CMM nullification provisions together with the unilateral objection procedures to which they are closely tied. Compared to unilateral objections more generally, CMM nullification provisions raise additional legitimacy questions given that they result in the nullification of CMMs that have been democratically adopted in conformity with the legitimate decision-making procedures of the respective RFMO. This article first provides a brief overview of the rationale for objection procedures by placing the concept of objections in the broader context of RFMO decision-making. Thereafter, this article briefly examines the requirements and legal effects of individual objections of RFMO members to CMMs. The final substantive section analyzes and compares existing CMM nullification provisions, focusing on the requirements for their activation, the nature of their legal effects and the legitimacy of such procedures considering the broader decision-making procedures of individual RFMOs.
U našem ćemo radu analizirati određene terminološke probleme i nejasnoće u uređenju žalbe kao redovitog pravnog lijeka u Zakonu o općem upravnom postupku. Radi se o značenju i upotrebi izraza ...(sintagmi) odgoda pravnih učinaka rješenja i odgoda izvršenja rješenja te zamjena rješenja i izmjena rješenja. Promotrit ćemo, tako, najprije pitanje upotrebe i značenja izraza odgoda pravnih učinaka rješenja i odgoda izvršenja rješenja te ćemo obrazložiti naše stajalište da je u čitavom zakonskom tekstu potrebno dosljedno koristiti izraz odgoda izvršenja rješenja. Što se tiče izraza zamjena rješenja i izmjena rješenja, ukazat ćemo na činjenicu da je (unatoč tome što se radi o vrlo sličnim riječima) riječ o izrazima koji se u tekstu Zakona o općem upravnom postupku ne koriste kao sinonimi. U zaključku rada iznijet ćemo osnovne teze navedene u radu, te još jednom istaknuti potrebu terminoloških usklađivanja u Zakonu o općem upravnom postupku.
In this paper certain issues in terminology and inclarities in regulating complaints as a regular
legal remedy in the General Administrative Procedure Act are analyzed. It concerns the meaning
and use of expressions (syntagma) postponing legal effects of solutions and postponing execution
of solutions and substituting or amending solutions. Firstly, the issue of the use and meaning of
expressions postponing legal effects of solutions and postponing execution are observed. Also, we
explain our stance that in the whole text of the law it is necessary to literally use the phrase postpone
execution of the solution. Regarding the expression substitute solution and amend solution, the fact
is pointed out that, even though the words are very similar, these are expressions which in the text of
the general Administrative Procedure Act are not used as synonyms. In conclusion, the fundamental
theses stated in the paper are proffered and once again the necessary harmonization of terminology
in the General Administrative Procedure Act is emphasized.
Introduction to The Problem: Slaves and slavery had existed since before Islam preached by Muhammad (PBUH). Islam provides gradual problem-solving methods regarding slavery; one of them is through ...inheritance. In Islamic Law terms, it called al-walÄ’ or liberated slaves. The slave that freed by the master will gain the estate from him. However, slavery is now viewed as merely an academic discourse since it is considered no longer exist.Purpose/Objective Study: The purpose of this research is to find out the legal standing and legal effect of al- walÄ’ in the Islamic Inheritance Law.Design/Methodology/Approach: This study is classified as a normative study. The study employed secondary data obtained from the literature review on al- walÄ,’ and it analyzed descriptively using the conceptual approach.
Findings: The study found that the substance for al- walÄ’ in the Islamic Inheritance Law of inheritance is to liberate slavery through legal descent-based kinship (nasab ḥukmÄ«). A person who frees the slaves holds al- walÄ’ right. Accordingly, he has the right to inherit the slave’s wealth when the slave dies and does not have any inheritors. Second, al- walÄ’ brings a legal effect on the freed slaves, namely, the person who releases the slave, the slave’s left wealth, guardianship, legal competence, and the inheritance itself.
This research aims to determine the legal consequences and responsibilities of notaries for deeds made based on inconsistencies in the verification of personal data of electronic signature owners ...according to Indonesian and United States law. The type of research used is normative legal research with a statutory, conceptual, and comparative approach. The research results show that notaries in Indonesia are public officials who are state organs equipped with general powers, authorised to carry out part of the state's power to make written and authentic evidence in civil law. At the same time, notaries in the United States are referred to as public notaries, with authority only limited to legalising or said as determining the certainty of the date and signature of the person who affixed it. The legal consequences and legal responsibility for deeds made by notaries that are not based on the suitability of verifying the personal data of the owner of the electronic signature according to Indonesian and United States law, that in Indonesian law, the liability of notaries in certifying electronic deeds refers to the provisions of notary responsibility in doing conventional deeds because the rules related to electronic signatures in Indonesia do not yet exist. Meanwhile, notaries in the United States are fully responsible for authenticated electronic signatures.
The possibility of the administrative authority to repeal the administrative act is provided by the Romanian legislator in Law no. 554/2004 (art. 2, para. 1, let. j). For the normative act, ...considering its specific, regarding the conditions which must be accomplished to this end (to enter in the civil circuit and to generate effects) an analysis is necessary.The study aims to determine if the administrative normative act is able to enter into the civil circuit in the terms of the law, also considering the exception from the preliminary procedure provided by art. 7, para. 5 of the same law.
In the summer of 2019, the UN International Law Commission adopted a set of Draft Conclusions on Peremptory Norms of General International Law (jus cogens) on first reading. The Draft Conclusions ...cover various aspects relating to the methodology for the identification of peremptory norms and consequences of peremptory norms. The elaboration of the Draft Conclusions by the Commission provides an opportunity for the clarification of peremptory norms in order to take it out of the proverbial garage. Whether this potential is fulfilled will depend on a number of factors, including whether the Draft Conclusions are coherent, reflect practice, and address important practical considerations. The article suggests that, drawing on existing instruments, the Draft Conclusions formulate existing rules in more precise ways, and do so in a coherent manner.
Although invoicing is of great importance in practice, there is no fundamental treatment of its effects in the area of application of the Code of Obligations in the Swiss civil law literature. The ...present study entitled "Invoicing in the Swiss Code of Obligations" aims to close this gap. In it, the author primarily discusses the consequences of invoicing for the origin, scope, due date and limitation of claims and how the invoicing affects the default of the debtor. The thesis is also devoted to the legal consequences of additional declarations by the biller, which are frequently encountered in practice, and sheds light on the legal status of the recipient of the bill.
Obschon die Rechnungsstellung in der Praxis von grosser Bedeutung ist, findet sich in der schweizerischen Zivilrechtsliteratur keine grundlegende Abhandlung über deren Wirkungen im Anwendungsbereich des Obligationenrechts. Diese Lücke will die vorliegende Untersuchung mit dem Titel «Die Rechnungsstellung im schweizerischen Obligationenrecht» schliessen. Der Autor erörtert darin vornehmlich, welche Konsequenzen die Rechnungsstellung für die Entstehung, den Umfang, die Fälligkeit und die Verjährung von Forderungen zeitigt und wie sich die Rechnungsstellung auf den Schuldnerverzug auswirkt. Weiter widmet sich die Arbeit den Rechtsfolgen von in der Praxis häufig anzutreffenden Zusatzerklärungen des Rechnungsstellers und beleuchtet die Rechtsstellung des Rechnungsadressaten.
O artigo discute o acerto da pressuposição de que pessoas maiores e capazes sempre agem livremente e realizam escolhas racionais, sendo, portanto, juridicamente responsáveis pelos seus ...comportamentos. O tema da racionalidade humana é revisitado a partir das noções científicas provenientes da psicologia comportamental e da economia comportamental. Insights oriundos dessas áreas demonstram como os processos psicológicos de tomada de decisão são complexos e nem sempre racionais. Processos mentais denominados de ajustamento, ancoragem, disponibilidade e representatividade são inconscientemente utilizados quando tomamos decisões. Características humanas como o superotimismo e a aversão a perdas também estão presentes. O resultado da conjunção desses fatores é que tomamos decisões que nem sempre passam pelo teste da racionalidade. Seres humanos são influenciáveis e sugestionáveis. Dominando determinadas técnicas, agentes econômicos induzem consumidores e outras pessoas vulneráveis a tomarem decisões que nem sempre consultam seus próprios interesses. Embora a ciência jurídica não possa prescindir do pressuposto da liberdade com responsabilidade, ligando consequências jurídicas a condutas aparentemente livres e desejadas, não pode o Direito desconhecer a fragilidade da base sobre a qual se assentam alguns institutos jurídicos, especialmente no campo da responsabilidade contratual e extracontratual. O artigo conclui apontando alguns efeitos jurídicos possíveis do reconhecimento desse déficit de racionalidade humana. A originalidade do artigo consiste em chamar a atenção dos juristas para os potenciais efeitos jurídicos da irracionalidade do agir humano, visando ampliar a proteção jurídica da pessoa humana. Utilizou-se o método dialético, lançando-se mão de pesquisa bibliográfica básica, visando sua aplicação, com abordagem qualitativa.
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