LONGLISTED FOR THE 2019 NATIONAL BOOK AWARD By the late 1960s and early 1970s, reeling from a wave of urban uprisings, politicians finally worked to end the practice of redlining. Reasoning that the ...turbulence could be calmed by turning Black city-dwellers into homeowners, they passed the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968, and set about establishing policies to induce mortgage lenders and the real estate industry to treat Black homebuyers equally. The disaster that ensued revealed that racist exclusion had not been eradicated, but rather transmuted into a new phenomenon ofpredatory inclusion. Race for Profit uncovers how exploitative real estate practices continued well after housing discrimination was banned. The same racist structures and individuals remained intact after redlining's end, and close relationships between regulators and the industry created incentives to ignore improprieties. Meanwhile, new policies meant to encourage low-income homeownership created new methods to exploit Black homeowners. The federal government guaranteed urban mortgages in an attempt to overcome resistance to lending to Black buyers - as if unprofitability, rather than racism, was the cause of housing segregation. Bankers, investors, and real estate agents took advantage of the perverse incentives, targeting the Black women most likely to fail to keep up their home payments and slip into foreclosure, multiplying their profits. As a result, by the end of the 1970s, the nation's first programs to encourage Black homeownership ended with tens of thousands of foreclosures in Black communities across the country. The push to uplift Black homeownership had descended into a goldmine for realtors and mortgage lenders, and a ready-made cudgel for the champions of deregulation to wield against government intervention of any kind. Narrating the story of a sea-change in housing policy and its dire impact on African Americans,Race for Profit reveals how the urban core was transformed into a new frontier of cynical extraction.
This handbook looks to provide academics and students with a comprehensive and holistic understanding of the phenomenon of innovation. Innovation spans a number of fields within the social sciences ...and humanities: Management, Economics, Geography, Sociology, Politics, Psychology, and History. Consequently, the rapidly increasing body of literature on innovation is characterized by a multitude of perspectives based on, or cutting across, existing disciplines and specializations. Scholars of innovation can come from such diverse starting points that much of this literature can be missed, and so constructive dialogues missed. The editors of The Oxford Handbook of Innovation have carefully selected and designed twenty-one contributions from leading academic experts within their particular field, each focusing on a specific aspect of innovation. These have been organized into four main sections, the first of which looks at the creation of innovations, with particular focus on firms and networks. Section Two provides an account of the wider systematic setting influencing innovation and the role of institutions and organizations in this context. Section Three explores some of the diversity in the working of innovation over time and across different sectors of the economy, and Section Four focuses on the consequences of innovation with respect to economic growth, international competitiveness, and employment. An introductory overview, concluding remarks, and guide to further reading for each chapter, make this handbook a key introduction and vital reference work for researchers, academics, and advanced students of innovation. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/oso/public/content/oho_business/9780199286805/toc.html Contributors to this volume - Jan Fagerberg, University of Oslo William Lazonick, INSEAD Walter W. Powell, Stanford University Keith Pavitt, SPRU Alice Lam, Brunel University Keith Smith, INTECH Charles Edquist, Linkoping David Mowery, University of California, Berkeley Mary O'Sullivan, INSEAD Ove Granstrand, Chalmers Bjorn Asheim, University of Lund Rajneesh Narula, Copenhagen Business School Antonello Zanfei, Urbino Kristine Bruland, University of Oslo Franco Malerba, University of Bocconi Nick Von Tunzelmann, SPRU Ian Miles, University of Manchester Bronwyn Hall, University of California, Berkeley Bart Verspagen , ECIS Francisco Louca, ISEG Manuel M. Godinho, ISEG Richard R. Nelson, Mario Pianta, Urbino Bengt-Ake Lundvall, Aalborg
A novel method for prescribing k and ω at inlets and RANS-LES interfaces in embedded LES is presented and evaluated. The method is based on the proposal by Hamba to use commutation terms at RANS-LES ...interfaces. Commutation terms are added to the k and ω equations in the region near the inlet (i.e. the RANS-LES interface). The proposed method can also be used when prescribing inlet values for k and ω in hybrid LES-RANS. The commutation terms are added in embedded LES at the LES side of the RANS-LES interface. The influence of the extent of the region where the commutation terms are added is investigated. It is found that it is most efficient to add commutation terms in only one cell layer adjacent to the interface; in this way, tuned constants are avoided. The commutation term in the ω equation is derived from transformation of the k and ϵ equations. When the commutation terms are used in only one cell layer, the commutation term in the k equation corresponds to a negative convection term. Hence, the commutation term can be omitted and a homogeneous Neumann inlet boundary condition can be used. The commutation term in the ω equation is retained. The novel method is evaluated for channel flow (Re
τ
= 8000), boundary layer flow (Re
θ
= 11, 000) and backward-facing step flow (Re
H
= 28, 000). Hybrid LES-RANS is used for the first two flows and embedded LES for the backward-facing step flow.
In the current resurgence of interest in the biological basis of animal behavior and social organization, the ideas and questions pursued by Charles Darwin remain fresh and insightful. This is ...especially true ofThe Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, Darwin's second most important work. This edition is a facsimile reprint of the first printing of the first edition (1871), not previously available in paperback.
The work is divided into two parts. Part One marshals behavioral and morphological evidence to argue that humans evolved from other animals. Darwin shoes that human mental and emotional capacities, far from making human beings unique, are evidence of an animal origin and evolutionary development. Part Two is an extended discussion of the differences between the sexes of many species and how they arose as a result of selection. Here Darwin lays the foundation for much contemporary research by arguing that many characteristics of animals have evolved not in response to the selective pressures exerted by their physical and biological environment, but rather to confer an advantage in sexual competition. These two themes are drawn together in two final chapters on the role of sexual selection in humans.
In their Introduction, Professors Bonner and May discuss the place ofThe Descentin its own time and relation to current work in biology and other disciplines.
A novel flamelet-based chemical tabulation method is proposed in the present large eddy simulation study for the Engine Combustion Network Spray A conditions. Using a n-dodecane mechanism with ...255-species/2289-reactions, the solutions sets for ignition and steady-state counterflow diffusion flames were projected onto separate look-up tables. To ensure the monotonicity of the ignition library, the absolute cumulative variation is introduced in the definition of the progress variable. These methodologies are designed to address data overlap issues during the database coupling process and to achieve a fully bijective look-up table. Through the comparison with the database employing the classical progress variable, the new ignition look-up table accurately reproduces the detailed chemical manifold. Following the validation of the spray model under inert conditions, the performance of the newly developed library is evaluated in reacting conditions. The predicted ignition delay and lift-off length closely align with experimental observations. Detailed analysis of the spray flame structure confirms that the integrated approach accurately predicts the evolution of low/high-temperature chemical reactions and the flame stabilization mechanisms. The developed solver offers a practical tool for conducting detailed combustion analysis of diesel spray flames.
•An innovative look-up table based on ACV is developed, enabling a complete bijective projection.•The computational procedures with the novel flamelet library is proposed.•The customized LES solver demonstrates high predictive accuracy for ECN Spray A conditions.
Playing While White argues that whiteness matters in sports culture, both on and off the field. Offering critical analysis of athletic stars such as Johnny Manziel, Marshall Henderson, Jordan Spieth, ...Lance Armstrong, Josh Hamilton, as well as the predominantly white cultures of NASCAR and extreme sports, David Leonard identifies how whiteness is central to the commodification of athletes and the sports they play.Leonard demonstrates that sporting cultures are a key site in the trafficking of racial ideas, narratives, and ideologies. He identifies how white athletes are frequently characterized as intelligent leaders who are presumed innocent of the kinds of transgressions black athletes are often pathologized for. With an analysis of the racial dynamics of sports traditions as varied as football, cycling, hockey, baseball, tennis, snowboarding, and soccer, as well as the reception and media portrayals of specific white athletes, Leonard examines how and why whiteness matters within sports and what that tells us about race in the twenty-first century United States.
