The greening of analytical methods has gained increasing interest in the field of pharmaceutical analysis to reduce environmental impacts and improve the health safety of analysts. Reversed-phase ...high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is the most widely used analytical technique involved in pharmaceutical drug development and manufacturing, such as the quality control of bulk drugs and pharmaceutical formulations, as well as the analysis of drugs in biological samples. However, RP-HPLC methods commonly use large amounts of organic solvents and generate high quantities of waste to be disposed, leading to some issues in terms of ecological impact and operator safety. In this context, greening HPLC methods is becoming highly desirable. One strategy to reduce the impact of hazardous solvents is to replace classically used organic solvents (i.e., acetonitrile and methanol) with greener ones. So far, ethanol has been the most often used alternative organic solvent. Others strategies have followed, such as the use of totally aqueous mobile phases, micellar liquid chromatography, and ionic liquids. These approaches have been well developed, as they do not require equipment investments and are rather economical. This review describes and critically discusses the recent advances in greening RP-HPLC methods dedicated to pharmaceutical analysis based on the use of alternative solvents.
Phenolic compounds represent a class of highly complex naturally occurring molecules that possess a range of beneficial health properties. As a result, considerable attention has been devoted to the ...analysis of phenolics in a variety of samples. HPLC is the workhorse method for phenolic separation. However, conventional HPLC methods provide insufficient resolving power when faced with the complexity of real-world phenolic fractions. This limitation has been traditionally circumvented by extensive sample fractionation, multiple analysis methods and/or selective detection strategies. On the other hand, there is an increasing demand for improved throughput and resolving power from the chromatographic methods used for phenolic analyses. Fortunately, during the last decade, a number of important technological advances in LC have demonstrated significant gains in terms of both speed and resolution. These include ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC), high-temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC), multi-dimensional separations as well as various new stationary phase chemistries and morphologies. In recent years, these technologies have also found increasing application for phenolic analysis. This review seeks to provide an updated overview of the application of recent advances in HPLC to phenolic separation, with the emphasis on how these methodologies can contribute to improve performance in HPLC analysis of phenolics.
This paper reports the multi-residue determination of quinolones included in the European Union regulations (marbofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin and flumequine) in bovine milk, ...using liquid chromatography with ultraviolet (LC–UV), fluorescence (LC–FD), mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC–MS/MS). The methods were validated, in line with EU requirements (Commission Decision 2002/657/EC). Linearity, decision limit (CCα), detection capability (CCβ), detection limit (LOD), quantification limits (LOQ), recoveries, precision, selectivity and stability were determined and adequate results were obtained. Recoveries higher than 80% were obtained for all quinolones. The methods developed were used to quantify enrofloxacin and its main metabolite, ciprofloxacin, in milk from animals treated with enrofloxacin.
The analysis of pomegranate phenolic compounds belonging to different classes in different fruit parts was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array and mass ...spectrometry detection. Two different separation methods were optimized for the analysis of anthocyanins and hydrolyzable tannins along with phenolic acids and flavonoids. Two C
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columns, core–shell and fully porous particle stationary phases, were used. The parameters for separation of phenolic compounds were optimized considering chromatographic resolution and analysis time. Thirty-five phenolic compounds were found, and 28 of them were tentatively identified as belonging to four different phenolic compound classes; namely, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, hydrolyzable tannins, and flavonoids. Quantitative analysis was performed with a mixture of nine phenolic compounds belonging to phenolic compound classes representative of pomegranate. The method was then fully validated in terms of retention time precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation, limit of detection, limit of quantification, and linearity range. Phenolic compounds were analyzed directly in pomegranate juice, and after solvent extraction with a mixture of water and methanol with a small percentage of acid in peel and pulp samples. The accuracy of the extraction method was also assessed, and satisfactory values were obtained. Finally, the method was used to study identified analytes in pomegranate juice, peel, and pulp of six different Italian varieties and one international variety. Differences in phenolic compound profiles among the different pomegranate parts were observed. Pomegranate peel samples showed a high concentration of phenolic compounds, ellagitannins being the most abundant ones, with respect to pulp and juice samples for each variety. With the same samples, total phenols and antioxidant activity were evaluated through colorimetric assays, and the results were correlated among them.
An online high‐pH reversed‐phase liquid chromatography× low‐pH reversed‐phase liquid chromatography tandem electrospray ionization mass spectrometry combined with pulse elution gradient in the first ...dimension was constructed to separate and identify alkaloids from Macleaya cordata (willd.) R. Br. The modulation was performed by using a dual second dimensional columns interface combined with a make‐up dilution pump, which is responsible for dilution and neutralization of the first dimensional effluent, and the dual second dimensional columns integrated the trapping and the separation function to reduce the second dimension system dead volume. Taking advantage of the dissociable characteristics of alkaloids, mobile phases with different pH values were applied in the first dimension (pH 9.0) and the second dimension (pH 2.6) to improve the orthogonality of two‐dimension separation. Besides, the pulse elution gradient in first dimension and second dimensional gradient were carefully optimized and much better separation was achieved compared to the separation with the traditional two‐dimensional liquid chromatography approach. Finally, mass measurement was performed for alkaloids in M. cordata (willd.) R. Br. by coupling proposed two‐dimensional liquid chromatography system with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, and 39 alkaloids were successfully identified by comparing the obtained result with the former reported results.
Selection of the HPLC Method in Chemical Analysis serves as a practical guide to users of high-performance liquid chromatography and provides criteria for method selection, development, and ...validation. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the most common analytical technique currently practiced in chemistry. However, the process of finding the appropriate information for a particular analytical project requires significant effort and pre-existent knowledge in the field. Further, sorting through the wealth of published data and literature takes both time and effort away from the critical aspects of HPLC method selection. For the first time, a systematic approach for sorting through the available information and reviewing critically the up-to-date progress in HPLC for selecting a specific analysis is available in a single book. Selection of the HPLC Method in Chemical Analysis is an inclusive go-to reference for HPLC method selection, development, and validation. * Addresses the various aspects of practice and instrumentation needed to obtain reliable HPLC analysis results * Leads researchers to the best choice of an HPLC method from the overabundance of information existent in the field * Provides criteria for HPLC method selection, development, and validation * Authored by world-renowned HPLC experts who have more than 60 years of combined experience in the field
There is a critical need to better understand the patterns, levels and combinatory effects of exposures we are facing through our diet and environment. Mycotoxin mixtures are of particular concern ...due to chronic low dose exposures caused by naturally contaminated food. To facilitate new insights into their role in chronic disease, mycotoxins and their metabolites are quantified in bio-fluids as biomarkers of exposure. Here, we describe a highly sensitive urinary assay based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS) and 13C-labelled or deuterated internal standards covering the most relevant regulated and emerging mycotoxins. Utilizing enzymatic pre-treatment, solid phase extraction and UHPLC separation, the sensitivity of the method was significantly higher (10-160x lower LODs) than in a previously described method used for comparison purpose, and stable isotopes provided compensation for challenging matrix effects. This method was in-house validated and applied to re-assess mycotoxin exposure in urine samples obtained from Nigerian children, adolescent and adults, naturally exposed through their regular diet. Owing to the methods high sensitivity, biomarkers were detected in all samples. The mycoestrogen zearalenone was the most frequently detected contaminant (82%) but also ochratoxin A (76%), aflatoxin M1 (73%) and fumonisin B1 (71%) were quantified in a large share of urines. Overall, 57% of 120 urines were contaminated with both, aflatoxin M1 and fumonisin B1, and other co-exposures were frequent. These results clearly demonstrate the advanced performance of the method to assess lowest background exposures (pg mL−1 range) using a single, highly robust assay that will allow for the systematic investigation of low dose effects on human health.
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•An ultra-sensitive method for urinary biomarkers of mycotoxin exposure was established.•Simultaneous biomonitoring of regulated and emerging mycotoxins at trace levels by a single analytical method.•First multiple stable isotope assisted quantification method for mycotoxin exposure biomarkers validated.•Applicability in realistic chronic low dose exposure to mycotoxins in large-scale cohort.
The technological advances achieved over the last decades boosted the development of suitable benchtop platforms to work at miniaturized liquid chromatography scale (capillary and nano-LC). Under the ...right conditions, miniaturized LC can offer higher analysis efficiency resulting in superior chromatographic resolution and overall sensitivity than conventional LC. Among the main advantages are the reduced reagents and sample requirement, the decreasing on analytical column dimensions, and consequently flow rates and the easer coupling to mass spectrometry. This review describes fundamental aspects and advances over miniaturized LC technology with a focus on the last decade. Therefore, relevant characteristics of the most common analytical column, covering both filled (packed and monolithic) and open tubular (PLOT and WCOT) columns, are herein discussed. Alternatively, other modern approaches based on microchip separations or 2D configurations aiming for the sample preparation on the first dimension, are also introduced. Likewise, some positive and negative aspects of these systems over HPLC are underscored. Besides, considering the necessity to developed components to work at capillary or nanoscale, without significant dead-volumes, the most critical features of specially designed instrumentation for benchtop instruments are briefly discussed highlighting connectors, pumping, injections, oven and detection systems. Also, a more detailed section is presented focused on mass spectrometry efforts towards its miniaturization and how this trend can be useful working together with miniaturized LC. Finally, applications of capillary and nano-LC involving bioanalytical, environmental, and food methods are discussed to support the miniaturized LC as a powerful and emergent separation technique for the years ahead.
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•Main advantages of liquid chromatography miniaturization.•Recent advances in the development of capillary analytical columns.•Future trends in LC-dedicated instrumental and stationary phases.•This review highlights different aspects of miniaturized liquid chromatography.
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