In some domains, such as the mobile application domain, functional tests may not be feasible to automate due to limited test automation technology (multimedia support, etc.) or high cost to port ...automated tests for different phone models and operating systems. In this context, test teams should be able to estimate the effort required to manually execute tests on schedule.
Although several effort estimation approaches have been proposed over the years, none of them are appropriate for estimating manual test execution effort. The main reason for that is the lack of size measures for test projects. In this paper, we present execution points, a measure for the size and execution complexity of tests that is calculated based on test specifications. We also show how to estimate manual test execution effort and capacity based on this measure. Finally, results from an empirical study suggested the viability of our proposed measure.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between motor performance and white matter lesions (WMLs) on computed tomography (CT) of the brain in older women.
DESIGN: Cross‐sectional study.
SETTING: ...Population‐based study in Göteborg, Sweden.
PARTICIPANTS: A total of 248 women aged 70, 74, and 78 years.
MEASUREMENTS: Motor performance was measured by a Postural‐Locomotion‐Manual (PLM) test using an optoelectronic technique. WMLs on CT scans were rated as no, mild, moderate, or severe.
RESULTS: White matter lesions were associated with impaired mobility of the lower extremities, that is, prolonged locomotion phase in the PLM test. This association was also present after controlling for age, hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, chronic bronchitis, intermittent claudication, and smoking.
CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral white matter lesions may contribute to motor impairments in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 48:967–970, 2000.
In some domains, such as the mobile application domain, functional tests may not be feasible to automate due to limited test automation technology (multimedia support, etc.) or high cost to port ...automated tests for different phone models and operating systems. In this context, test teams should be able to estimate the effort required to manually execute tests on schedule. Although several effort estimation approaches have been pro- posed over the years, none of them are appropriate for estimating manual test execution effort. The main reason for that is the lack of size measures for test projects. In this paper, we present execution points, a measure for the size and execution complexity of tests that is calculated based on test specifications. We also show how to estimate manual test execution effort and capacity based on this measure. Finally, results from an empirical study suggested the viability of our proposed measure. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Software testing is a complex, intellectual activity based (at least) on analysis, reasoning, decision making, abstraction and collaboration performed in a highly demanding environment. Naturally, it ...uses and allocates multiple cognitive resources in software testers. However, while a cognitive psychology perspective is increasingly used in the general software engineering literature, it has yet to find its place in software testing. To the best of our knowledge, no theory of software testers' cognitive processes exists. Here, we take the first step towards such a theory by presenting a cognitive model of software testing based on how problem solving is conceptualized in cognitive psychology. Our approach is to instantiate a general problem solving process for the specific problem of creating test cases. We then propose an experiment for testing our cognitive test design model. The experiment makes use of verbal protocol analysis to understand the mechanisms by which human testers choose, design, implement and evaluate test cases. An initial evaluation was then performed with five software engineering master students as subjects. The results support a problem solving-based model of test design for capturing testers' cognitive processes.
Message-Driven Test Case Generation Framework Demircioglu, Emine Dumlu; Kalipsiz, Oya
2020 Turkish National Software Engineering Symposium (UYMS),
2020-Oct.-7
Conference Proceeding
Testing can be conducted with either manually or automatically. It is very difficult to perform repetitive manual tests for functional correctness, especially in large-size business applications ...based on client-server architecture such as trading systems in stock exchanges and banking applications, because many different test scenarios are needed to test such systems. Conducting these test scenarios manually and on a human basis within a certain time is a time consuming, erroneous and tedious process. For this reason, end to end automation (test case generation, execution and error reporting) in repetitive manual tests will increase efficiency in software testing. In this context, an approach that generates automatically test scenarios for applications based on the client-server architecture communicating with each other using Application Programming Interface (API) messages is proposed in this study.In this paper, the message-driven test case generation framework is proposed for client-server architecture systems which are communicated with each other by using API messages. Basically proposed framework automatically generates test cases, which are extracted with reverse engineering mechanism from network packets between client-server communications over networks. The studying is motivated due to the fact that there is a lack of test automation framework in a specific domain: the system based on client-server architecture which uses API messages for the communication, such as financial applications, trading systems. Our approach will ensure the reuse of test scenarios, and will ensure 100% automation in the test process from the automatic generation of the test scenarios to the execution by future work.
Effective testing involves preparing test oracles and test cases, two activities which are too tedious to be effectively performed by humans, yet for the most part remain manual. The AutoTest unit ...testing framework automates both, by using Eiffel contracts — already present in the software — as test oracles, and generating objects and routine arguments to exercise all given classes; manual tests can also be added, and all failed test cases are automatically retained for regression testing, in a “minimized” form retaining only the relevant instructions. AutoTest has already detected numerous hitherto unknown bugs in production software.
Once a company has defined and documented all requirements in a standard for accessibility, what is the best way of making sure that development teams observe them as intended? Which factors can ...require revisions to be made to the Accessibility Standard? What are the key milestones for the planning of all development activities around the standard? What areas have to be tested to have a quality assurance and how can the result be given to the customer to serve legal and individual requirements? In this presentation you will get an overview about quality processes and milestones for the development and monitoring of business software in the area of accessibility at SAP.
We described longitudinal changes of movement performance in a population-based sample of women followed from age 70 to 78. We also studied the cross-sectional relationships between medical ...conditions and movement performance at baseline, and longitudinal relationships between baseline medical conditions and changes of movement performance. Two hundred and thirty-four women aged 70 years participated in the baseline study, and 88 women participated in a follow-up study 8 years later. Movement performance was measured by an optoelectronic test, the postural-locomotor-manual (PLM) test, which objectively and precisely measures the subject's mobility of lower and upper extremities. Information on medical conditions including selected diseases and symptoms were obtained by self-report and/or by physical examination. Movement time (MT), an indicator of the overall movement performance of the PLM test, increased over 8 years. This change was mainly related to prolonged duration of the locomotor phase (walking forward), but not to the duration of the manual phase (goal-directed arm reaching). At baseline, poor PLM performance was related to hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, cerebrovascular diseases, chronic bronchitis, depression, arthritis, dizziness, chest pain, dyspnea, joint problems, leg pain, tiredness, number of diseases and number of symptoms at baseline. Increased MT during follow-up was associated with arthritis and dyspnea at baseline, and newly developed diseases during follow-up. Our study results indicated that 70-year-old women had a general slowing of their movement performance over 8 years. Age-related decrements of movement performance were more striking in the lower extremities than in the upper extremities. Arthritis and dyspnea at baseline, and incident diseases during follow-up were related to this age-related decline of movement performance.
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