The main tasks of coking, sintering, and ironmaking processes at Severstal in 2017-2022 are specified. The operation of the production complex until 2020 as part of "traditional" units of classical ...designs is described. The assimilation of new facilities based on an essentially different technology in 2020 to 2022 is shown. The results of blast-furnace processing at Severstal since 2017 are presented.
Thermal conductivity is an important property for polymers, as it often affects product reliability (for example, electronics packaging), functionality (for example, thermal interface materials) ...and/or manufacturing cost. However, polymer thermal conductivities primarily fall within a relatively narrow range (0.1-0.5 W m(-1) K(-1)) and are largely unexplored. Here, we show that a blend of two polymers with high miscibility and appropriately chosen linker structure can yield a dense and homogeneously distributed thermal network. A sharp increase in cross-plane thermal conductivity is observed under these conditions, reaching over 1.5 W m(-1) K(-1) in typical spin-cast polymer blend films of nanoscale thickness, which is approximately an order of magnitude larger than that of other amorphous polymers.
Abstract As companies, countries, and governments consider investments in vaccine production for routine immunization and outbreak response, understanding the complexity and cost drivers associated ...with vaccine production will help to inform business decisions. Leading multinational corporations have good understanding of the complex manufacturing processes, high technological and R&D barriers to entry, and the costs associated with vaccine production. However, decision makers in developing countries, donors and investors may not be aware of the factors that continue to limit the number of new manufacturers and have caused attrition and consolidation among existing manufacturers. This paper describes the processes and cost drivers in acquiring and maintaining licensure of childhood vaccines. In addition, when export is the goal, we describe the requirements to supply those vaccines at affordable prices to low-resource markets, including the process of World Health Organization (WHO) prequalification and supporting policy recommendation. By providing a generalized and consolidated view of these requirements we seek to build awareness in the global community of the benefits and costs associated with vaccine manufacturing and the challenges associated with maintaining consistent supply. We show that while vaccine manufacture may prima facie seem an economic growth opportunity, the complexity and high fixed costs of vaccine manufacturing limit potential profit. Further, for most lower and middle income countries a large majority of the equipment, personnel and consumables will need to be imported for years, further limiting benefits to the local economy.
The objective of this study is to know the production process of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), according to its particular characteristics and to determine its profitability, for small ...production in Vega Rivera Zone, El Oro Province. Margarita farm as object of study. The bibliographic information available on the production process of passion fruit was reviewed, in order to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the cultivation of the fruit, its costs and its dependence on national and international markets, the observation and survey technique was used. For the economic evaluation, the expenses that will affect the production of passion fruit were determined, obtaining from these the production costs, the cost-benefit ratio, the profitability and the cost of production of a kilogram of passion fruit. The Benefits/cost obtained for the first year and second years, it is of 0.76 and 2.84, respectively. Indicating a gain of 3.60 USD by dollar invested. The passion fruit kilogram cost harvested in Vega Rivera Zone is 0.20 cents for the first year and 0.56 cents in the second year. Keywords: Incoming, Benefit/Cost, Profitability, El presente estudio tiene como objetivo conocer el proceso productivo de la fruta de maracuyá (Passifloraedulis), de acuerdo a sus características particulares y determinar su rentabilidad, para la pequeña producción en Zona Vega Rivera, Provincia El Oro. La investigación tuvo como objeto de estudio la finca Margarita. Se revisó la información bibliográfica disponible sobre el proceso productivo del maracuyá, para caracterizar cualitativa y cuantitativamente el cultivo de la fruta, sus costos y su dependencia de los mercados nacionales e internacionales empleando la técnica de observación y encuestas. Para la evaluación económica se determinaron los gastos que incidirán en la producción del maracuyá, obteniéndose a partir de estos los costos de producción, la relación beneficio costo, la rentabilidad y el costo de producción de un kilogramo de maracuyá. El indicador Beneficio/Costo obtenido es de 0.76 y 2.84 para el primer y segundo año, respectivamente. Lo que indica que por cada dólar invertido existe una ganancia de 3.60 USD. El costo por kilogramo de maracuyá cosechado en la Zona Vega Rivera es de 0.20 ctvs. para un primer año y de 0.56 ctvs. en el segundo. Palabras clave: Ingresos, Beneficio/Costo, Rentabilidad.
The objective of this study is to know the production process of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), according to its particular characteristics and to determine its profitability, for small ...production in Vega Rivera Zone, El Oro Province. Margarita farm as object of study. The bibliographic information available on the production process of passion fruit was reviewed, in order to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the cultivation of the fruit, its costs and its dependence on national and international markets, the observation and survey technique was used. For the economic evaluation, the expenses that will affect the production of passion fruit were determined, obtaining from these the production costs, the cost-benefit ratio, the profitability and the cost of production of a kilogram of passion fruit. The Benefits/cost obtained for the first year and second years, it is of 0.76 and 2.84, respectively. Indicating a gain of 3.60 USD by dollar invested. The passion fruit kilogram cost harvested in Vega Rivera Zone is 0.20 cents for the first year and 0.56 cents in the second year.
Keywords: Hu7CG2; EGFR; Biparatope; Humanized; Nanobody; Targeted therapy Targeted therapy is an effective and appropriate approach with low side effects in cancer therapy compared with other ...treatment approaches. Epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR, is a favorable biomarker as targeted therapy because it overexpresses in several cancers. Monoclonal antibodies are common agents for targeted therapy. Nanobody is the smallest format of monoclonal antibodies with unique properties that include hiding epitope targeting, high stability, low production cost, and ease of connection to other components. The main challenge in targeted therapy by monoclonal antibodies is their immunogenicity due to their non-human nature. In this study, we designed, constructed, and evaluated a novel humanized anti- EGFR biparatopic nanobody, hu7CG2. The hu7CG2 was designed by grafting the complementarity-determining regions of two camelid anti- EGFR nanobodies known as 7C12 and EG2 to a universal scaffold and then connected with a glycine-serine linker. The results of antigen-binding activity and cell viability assays showed that the hu7CG2 inhibited the growth of EGFR overexpression tumor cells. The data showed that hu7CG2 might be a useful tool in the targeting and treatment of tumor cells. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran (2) Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran (c) ba1389@yahoo.com Article History: Registration Date: 03/13/2021 Received Date: 12/30/2020 Accepted Date: 03/13/2021 Online Date: 03/26/2021 Byline:
Nanobodies (Nbs) have arisen as an alternative to conventional antibodies (Abs) and show great potential when used as tools in different biotechnology fields such as diagnostics and therapy. ...Different approaches have been described for the production of Nbs and these methods face new challenges focused on improving yield, affinity, and reducing production costs. This review summarizes these challenges, and also the latest advances in the detection of different kinds of molecules, such as proteins and small molecules, and describes their potential use for noninvasive in vivo imaging and for in vitro assays. Moreover, the unique properties of Nbs are outlined like internalization, size, thermal and chemical stability, affinity, blood clearance, and labeling procedures. Concerning therapeutic applications, we highlight some already reported examples about Nbs being used for the treatment of several diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative or infectious diseases among others. Finally, future trends, opportunities, and disadvantages are also discussed.
•The impact of R&D investment decisions on a firm’s growth dynamics is studied.•R&D helps increase the demand while the investment increases the production cost.•A revenue-based R&D investment ...strategy with anchoring and adjustment is studied to investigate the revenue dynamics.•Results show that the firm’s growth pattern can exhibit stability, cycles, and even chaos under various scenarios.•Managers’ decision-making can cause fluctuations and erratic firm growth patterns in the complex business environment.
Time delays and feedback loops often introduce nonlinear, dynamic, chaotic, or disorderly business patterns. In this paper, we argue that a firm’s growth driven by R&D can also exhibit chaotic behavior, through a simple model, where R&D has two distinct impacts on its revenue through the demand-inducing and cost-increasing effects. On the basis of a revenue-based investment strategy with anchoring and adjustment, the firm’s growth dynamics are characterized by a two-dimensional dynamical system under either the cost-plus or profit-maximizing pricing policies. Theoretical and numerical studies are used to show that growth can drive stable, periodic, and even chaotic behaviors. The findings suggest that R&D investment has more complex impacts on growth than previously envisioned, and that managerial decisions about R&D investments can cause fluctuations and erratic growth patterns in nonlinear and complex business environments.
A large-scale application of sophorolipids (SLs) was blocked by their high production cost. One feasible way to reduce the cost of SL production is to develop cheap feedstocks as the substrates for ...SL fermentation. In the present work, cottonseed molasses (CM), a waste from raffinose production, was used as the hydrophilic substrate;, and cottonseed oil (CO) was used as a hydrophobic substrate for SL production by Starmerella bombicola CGMCC 1576. The primary optimization of carbon sources, nitrogen source and inorganic salts, produced 57.6 ± 2.3 g/L of total SLs and 24.0 ± 1.2 g/L of lactonic SLs on CM and CO, almost equal to the titer of SLs produced from glucose and oleic. A response surface method was applied to optimize the fermentation medium for growth and SL production of S. bombicola. The production of total SLs reached 58.4 ± 3.4 g/L, and lactonic SLs were elevated to more than 25.0 ± 1.9 g/L. HPLC-MS analysis showed that the compositions of SLs produced by S. bombicola on CM and CO were very similar to those on glucose and oleic acid. These results suggested that cottonseed molasses and cottonseed oil can be used as renewable cheap substrates for the reduced-cost production of SLs.
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