Meeting climate goals is a particular challenge for countries that combine extensive use of coal as a fuel for power generation with a significant history of coal mining. We argue that these ...countries are prone to institutional carbon lock-in processes that significantly affect the phase-out of the use of coal. We use the analytical framework of Varieties of Capitalism to compare degrees of carbon lock-in in Coordinated Market Economies (CMEs) with Liberal Market Economies (LMEs). In CMEs “strategic interaction”, “employment protection” and “government ownership” translate into protection of uncompetitive domestic coal activities and assets through (cross) subsidies and veto play. In LMEs the use of coal will be more dependent upon its market price in the international energy market. Through a qualitative comparison of the development of coal-mining and coal-fired electricity generation in three CMEs (Germany, Spain, Poland) and one LME (the UK) over the period between 1990 and 2017 we show that the UK's liberal market economy facilitated a relatively swift phasing out of coal mining and the use of coal, compared to a much more reluctant transition in the other three countries.
•Adoption of low carbon technologies does not automatically phase-out coal.•Institutional lock-in is relevant to phase-out of carbon-intensive technology.•The Varieties of Capitalism framework predicts institutional lock-in.•Institutional lock-in slowed down coal phase-out in Germany, Spain and Poland.•A carbon tax which bypasses veto play is more effective than strategic interaction.
Adaptation of the graphic program for constructing of a specific class of technical means, being the specialty of the design and construction office, is the basic challenge of the market economy. ...This office that prepares the offer and then the competitive construction of the technical means in the shortest possible time as a result obtains the order. This effect is enabled by graphic software applications.
Gross domestic product (GDP) summarizes a vast amount of economic information in a single monetary metric that is widely used by decision makers around the world. However, GDP fails to capture fully ...the contributions of nature to economic activity and human well-being. To address this critical omission, we develop a measure of gross ecosystem product (GEP) that summarizes the value of ecosystem services in a single monetary metric. We illustrate the measurement of GEP through an application to the Chinese province of Qinghai, showing that the approach is tractable using available data. Known as the “water tower of Asia,” Qinghai is the source of the Mekong, Yangtze, and Yellow Rivers, and indeed, we find that water-related ecosystem services make up nearly two-thirds of the value of GEP for Qinghai. Importantly most of these benefits accrue downstream. In Qinghai, GEP was greater than GDP in 2000 and three-fourths as large as GDP in 2015 as its market economy grew. Large-scale investment in restoration resulted in improvements in the flows of ecosystem services measured in GEP (127.5%) over this period. Going forward, China is using GEP in decision making in multiple ways, as part of a transformation to inclusive, green growth. This includes investing in conservation of ecosystem assets to secure provision of ecosystem services through transregional compensation payments.
Philosophy of ecologized economics Privalov, Nikolay; Fursova, Elena
E3S Web of Conferences,
01/2021, Volume:
311
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Peer reviewed
Open access
The ecological crisis goes a long way back and has been brewing for centuries. The main factors of human alienation from nature: technical progress; suppression of pagan culture, that used to be tied ...to nature, world religions; spread of atheism; consolidation of the positivism paradigm in scientific methodology; triumph of the market economy model. As a result, humans were pulled out of their natural environment. They live and work by rhythms and rules contradicting natural laws. The result is the growing global crisis of industrial civilization.
•Ecological Civilization is the Chinese government’s response to environmental degradation, and it is a vision for our global future.•Which values and visions does this highly profiled state project ...actually entail?•We argue that EC seeks to construct a sense of national continuity while placing China at the center of the world’s environmental efforts.•EC is a sociotechnical imaginary that integrates certain cultural and moral values with technological and political goals.
Ecological civilization (shengtai wenming▪) has been written into China’s constitution as the ideological framework for the country’s environmental policies, laws and education. It is also increasingly presented not only as a response to environmental degradation in China, but as a vision for our global future. In this article, scholars from the disciplines of media science, anthropology and sinology analyse media representations of eco-civilization in order to explore which values and visions this highly profiled state project actually entails. The article argues that eco-civilization is best understood as a sociotechnical imaginary in which cultural and moral virtues constitute key components that are inseparable from the more well-known technological, judicial, and political goals. The imaginary of eco-civilization seeks to construct a sense of cultural and national continuity, and to place China at the center of the world by invoking its civilization’s more than 2000 years of traditional philosophical heritage as a part of the solution for the planet’s future. It is constructed as a new kind of Communist Party led utopia in which market economy and consumption continue to grow, and where technology and science have solved the basic problems of pollution and environmental degradation.
Display omitted
We analyse a case study of workers’ experience of client abuse in a Danish public welfare organisation. We make an original contribution by putting forward two different theoretical expectations of ...the case. One expectation is that the case follows a pattern of customer abuse processes in a social market economy – in which workers are accorded power and resources, in which workers tend to frame the abuse as the outcome of a co-citizen caught in system failure and in which workers demonstrate some resilience to abuse. Another expectation is that New Public Management reforms push the case to follow patterns of customer abuse associated with a liberal market economy – in which the customer is treated as sovereign against the relatively powerless worker, and in which workers bear heavy emotional costs of abuse. Our findings show a greater match to the social processes of abuse within a social market economy.
Countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) have transformed from a centrally planned communist system to a market economy and liberal democracy after 1990. The rapidly changing social and power ...relations have been gradually manifested in the spatial pattern of cities. After the turn of the millennium, a growing number of papers reported that the regeneration of inner-city neighbourhoods intensified, generating population change in certain areas. Authors writing on urban renewal and gentrification in CEE have been inspired by the typology of gentrification elaborated in Western contexts, even though historical legacies and specific local conditions set serious limitations on the use of such concepts. The aim of this paper is to scrutinise the essential features of urban change and gentrification in post-socialist cities, discussing the main pre-conditions for, actors in and the resulting types of this process. Existing literature in the field has been systematically collected, analysed and compared. According to our findings the classic stage model of gentrification cannot be used in post-socialist cities, partly because the process is still in its infancy and partly because several hybrid forms of gentrification-like processes hide the spatial effects of market-based renewal. The variegated forms of urban change are the result of historical legacies, path dependencies and a set of factors embedded in local contexts. The paper highlights some of the research gaps in the field.
1990年后，中欧和东欧 (CEE) 国家从中央计划的共产主义制度转变为市场经济和自由民主。迅速变化的社会和权力关系已经逐渐体现在城市的空间格局中。在世纪之交之后，越来越多的报纸报道，市中心街区的重建力度加大，导致某些地区的人口发生变化。阐述中欧和东欧城市更新和绅士化的作者从西方背景下阐述的绅士化形态汲取灵感，然而，历史遗产和特定的地方条件对这种概念的使用构成了严重的限制。本文的目的是审视后社会主义城市中城市变化和绅士化的基本特征，讨论这一过程的主要先决条件、参与者和结果类型。我们系统收集、分析和比较了该领域的现有文献。根据我们的发现，典型的绅士化阶段模型不能在后社会主义城市中使用，一则这一过程仍处于初级阶段，二则几种混合形式的类绅士化样过程掩盖了基于市场的更新的空间效应。城市变化的多样化形式是历史遗产、路径依赖和当地环境的一系列内置因素的结果。本文强调了该领域的一些研究空白。
The position of science in the consumer society Pashchenko, Olga V.
Izvestiâ Saratovskogo universiteta. Novaâ seriâ. Seriâ Filosofiâ. Psihologiâ. Pedagogika (Online),
12/2023, Volume:
23, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Introduction. Science in modern reality is closely intertwined with the cultural attitudes of the consumer society, and this connection is becoming stronger every year. The market economy, which ...underlies the culture of modern society, is a fairly flexible system, balancing like a tightrope walker between dynamically changing demand and consumption. Theoretical analysis. In order not to end up on the periphery of the economic system, scientific knowledge needs to show the same properties that a market economy does and, above all, flexibility. Science, becoming a branch of production, before producing must evaluate the results and think over the mechanisms for marketing the “product”, i.e. acquired knowledge or innovative technologies. Conclusion. Thus, scientists, choosing the topics for their scientific research, must clearly understand that there will be a consumer ready to “buy” the proposed research product. At the same time, it is important not to forget about the “product packaging”. It is necessary to present your research in such a way that the target audience does not doubt the need for its acquisition. Financing is received by those projects that were able to interest the commission and offer a competitive product. The values of the consumer society inevitably act as markers of the productivity of scientific research.
Social credit management is a global issue, has become an important aspect of the economic development of various countries. In the process of social transformation in modern China, the social credit ...management system has undergone three stages of evolution: from scratch to existence, from existence to reality, and from reality to refinement. Based on the review of the transformation of market order and the construction of social credit system in China, this paper makes a systematic analysis of its main content and internal logic. From the perspective of Huntington’s “political decline” and other Chinese and foreign theories, this paper discusses the relationship between the three main bodies of social credit construction — market, society, government and market order respectively, in an attempt to provide inspiration and ideas for the construction of China’s future social credit system.
PDF
