Background:
Prospective studies on injuries in martial arts competition are scarce, especially those involving young practitioners, but the upsurge of children and adolescents taking part in ...organized training and competition in these sports requires clarification of the injury risk that they represent for youths.
Hypothesis:
Top-level karate competition for young adolescents (cadets, or 14- to 15-year-olds) has a low injury rate and can be safely promoted.
Study Design:
Descriptive epidemiological study.
Methods:
Prospective recording of the injuries resulting from all bouts in 3 consecutive World Karate Championships (2009, 2011, and 2013) for cadets was performed. Data were collected prospectively in situ with checklists that described competitor sex, bout category, and weight as well as injured area, diagnosis, mechanism of injury, severity, and treatment.
Results:
A total of 1020 bouts were reviewed, 671 in the male category and 349 in the female category. A total of 61 injuries were recorded. Of those, only 3 were time-loss injuries. During the 2009 and 2011 championships, there was 1 injury per 25.6 fights, while during the 2013 championship the number of injuries increased, with 1 injury per 10 fights (P = .003). There was no statistical difference in the total injury rate between the male and female categories (P = .71), with an odds ratio of 1.16 (95% CI, 0.52-2.55).
Conclusion:
The injury rate for cadet top-level karate competition found in this prospective study is much lower than the rates previously published for karate or other martial arts competitions, but there seems to be a marked increase as more championships are held, which is a matter of concern.
Seoi-nage performance requires a high level of skill and proficiency. The aim of this study was to compare the motor planning, regulation, and control skills of elite versus non-elite seoi-nage judo ...athletes. Twenty subjects (10 elites and 10 non-elite) performed the three-phase seoi-nage skills of unbalancing, positioning, and throwing while an optical motion capture 3D camera monitored their shoulder, pelvis, hip, and knee joint movements to calculate their force magnitude and direction. Elite athletes performed better than non-elite athletes in terms of the shoulder (247.4° vs. 208.3° in Event 4) and pelvic (235.4° vs. 194.4° in Event 4) rotation, tilt angle (15.13° vs. - 0.74° in Event 4) characteristics, as well as hip (136.1° vs. 125.0° in Event 4) and knee joint (124.0° vs. 120.8° in Event 3) flexion-extension angle. Compared to non-elite athletes, elite athletes also showed more controlled force and movement in all bodily areas. These results can help to guide the development of seoi-nage skills as judo athletes advance from the non-elite to the elite level.
Abstract This study aims to reveal the achievement coaching program for karate athletes in the DIY Province, Indonesia. This type of research is qualitative research. The total participants, namely ...17 people as data sources, both primary data and secondary data used in this study were obtained from the karate dojo management which included coaches, karate athletes, parents, informants, and the community according to the object of research. This research data collection technique uses documentation, interviews, and observations. The results showed that the karate sports development program in Yogyakarta was carried out in various ways, namely: establishing karate sports organizations at the regional and branch levels, empowering small universities, organizing events at the regional level, and participating in championships at the national level. The program is constrained by several problems, namely: internal problems of trainers, funds/budget, trainer qualifications, quantity and quality of athletes, as well as training infrastructure that is not evenly distributed in each region. Based on the results of the research, discussion, and conclusions above, this research implies that it is necessary to design a clearer and more focused achievement development program following the PB FORKI guidelines for regional/provincial administrators (Pengda) and each district administrator (Pengcab). Suggestions that can be submitted to karate coaches, district and provincial administrators (Pengkab and Pengda), and sports federations (KONI) to pay more attention to athletes who excel. Then suggestions for researchers who are interested in this paper, to further develop the focus of the problem specifically for similar research in the future.
BackgroundHead impacts in sports produce brain deformation, which can damage brain white matter leading to short/long-term effects. Quantifying white matter deformation (strain) in different sports ...allows developing tailored prevention and treatment strategies. ObjectiveWe tested whether white matter tracts are subjected to different strains during impacts in two contact sports, rugby and mixed martial arts (MMA). DesignThe PROTECHT instrumented mouthguard (iMG) was used to measure head kinematics. Information on the measurement settings, filtering and validation can be found in 1. We used the Imperial College finite element model of brain injury biomechanics to predict brain deformation. This model has been validated against recent experiments on post-mortem human subjects2. ParticipantsFive professional male MMA fighters and eight elite male rugby players were instrumented. Athletes wore the iMG to capture head impacts during the entire match. Total 296 head impacts were collected, all video-verified, with 150 from MMA and 146 from rugby. Outcome measurementsWe calculated peak linear and rotational accelerations. The distribution of maximum principal strain within the brain was predicted using the brain model. 90th percentile strain was calculated in 14 white matter tracts which usually associated with cognitive deficits.ResultsPeak kinematics and brain strain were considerably larger in MMA than rugby. This may be associated with MMA’s higher percentage of direct head impact (Table.1). Two-way ANOVA analysis confirmed a significant strain difference between the two sports but not between tracts. In both sports, largest strains were predicted in three white matter tracts, SLF, SLFT and ILF (Fig.1). Abstract 791 Table 1Summaries of PLA, PRA and whole brain in MPS90 differents sports. Number of cases by impact location Peak Linear Acceleration (g) Peak Rotational Acceleration (rads/s2) MPS90 in whole brain Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD MMA 150 35.8 18.9 3829.4 5236.5 0.117 0.133 Head 54 31.4 18.7 4001.5 5264.0 0.090 0.129 body 20 39.9 18.8 3935.5 5451.7 0.015 0.133 unknown 76 37.8 18.9 3626.9 5207.9 0.126 0.132 Rugby 146 18.8 14.3 1592.9 1368.8 0.061 0.051 head 7 13.6 14.6 1137.2 1448.7 0.048 0.048 body 56 17.4 15.4 1945.6 1424.9 0.070 0.049 unknown 83 20.1 14.7 1403.2 1389.3 0.056 0.049 t-test between sports - t = 8.709, p < 0.0001 t = 4.997, p < 0.0001 t = 4.758, p < 0.0001 Abstract 791 Figure 1Spatial disrribution of strains.ConclusionsOur results show larger brain strain in MMA than rugby head impacts, suggesting higher risk of injury in MMA. These results can help aid the direction of guidelines of these sports to prevent brain injury. 1. 1Jones CM. et al., Sensors. 2023 2. 2Zimmerman KA. et al., J Biomech. 2021
La Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) es una enfermedad crónica, cuyo tratamiento se basa en 4 pilares fundamentales: insulinoterapia, autocontrol, alimentación saludable y actividad física. La ...literatura sugiere que en diabetes mellitus tipo 2 este último sea de tipo aeróbico, por ser hipoglucemiante, sin embargo, debido a la diferencia de tratamiento en DM1, surge la interrogante en relación a los efectos del ejercicio con predominancia anaeróbica en el control metabólico de una persona con DM1. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del entrenamiento de Taekwondo W.T.F. sobre el control glucémico de personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 de 13 y 14 años de una escuela de Taekwondo en Concepción, Chile, año 2016-2017. Metodología: investigación de enfoque cuantitativo, un diseño descriptivo cuasiexperimental en un grupo, tipo pre-prueba, post-prueba, con un muestreo de tipo no probabilístico. Resultados: El entrenamiento de Taekwondo W.T.F. con predominancia anaeróbica no afectó en forma significativa la variabilidad glucémica pre y post entrenamiento y, generando una disminución de la hemoglobina glucosilada de todos los sujetos intervenidos. Palabras clave: Diabetes Mellitus, Ejercicio, Hemoglobina Glucosilada, Glucemia. Abstract. Diabetes Mellitus type 1 (DM1) is a chronic disease, whose treatment is based on 4 fundamental pillars: insulin therapy, self-control, healthy eating and physical activity. The literature suggests that diabetes mellitus type 2 is the aerobic type, because it is hypoglycaemic, however due to the difference in treatment in DM1, the question arises in relation to the effects of exercise with anaerobic predominance in the metabolic control of a person with DM1. Objective: to evaluate the effect of Taekwondo training W.T.F. on the glycemic control of people with diabetes mellitus type 1 of 13 and 14 years of a Taekwondo school in Concepción, Chile, 2016-2017. Methodology: quantitative approach research, a Quasi-experimental descriptive design in a group, pre-test type, post-test, with a sampling of non-probabilistic type, Results: Taekwondo training W.T.F. with anaerobic predominance, it did not significantly affect the glycemic variability pre- and post-training and in conjunction with this, it generated a decrease in the glycosylated hemoglobin of all the subjects who underwent surgery. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Exercise, Glucosylated Hemoglobin, Glycemic
In 1895, the newly formed Greater Japan Martial Virtue Association (Dainippon Butokukai) held its first annual Martial Virtue Festival (butokusai) in the ancient capital of Kyoto. The Festival marked ...the arrival of a new iteration of modern Japan, as the Butokukai's efforts to define and popularise Japanese martial arts became an important medium through which the bodies of millions of Japanese citizens would experience, draw on, and even shape the Japanese nation and state.
This book shows how the notion and practice of Japanese martial arts in the late Meiji period brought Japanese bodies, Japanese nationalisms, and the Japanese state into sustained contact and dynamic engagement with one another. Using a range of disciplinary approaches, Denis Gainty shows how the metaphor of a national body and the cultural and historical meanings of martial arts were celebrated and appropriated by modern Japanese at all levels of society, allowing them to participate powerfully in shaping the modern Japanese nation and state. While recent works have cast modern Japanese and their bodies as subject to state domination and elite control, this book argues that having a body - being a body, and through that body experiencing and shaping social, political, and even cosmic realities - is an important and underexamined aspect of the late Meiji period.
Martial Arts and the Body Politic in Meiji Japan is an important contribution to debates in Japanese and Asian social sciences, theories of the body and its role in modern historiography, and related questions of power and agency by suggesting a new and dramatic role for human bodies in the shaping of modern states and societies. As such, it will be valuable to students and scholars of Japanese studies, Japanese history, modern nations and nationalisms, and sport and leisure studies, as well as those interested in the body more broadly.
Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a combat sport underpinned by techniques from other combat disciplines, in addition to strategies unique to the sport itself. These sports can be divided into two distinct ...categories (grappling or striking) based on differing technical demands. Uniquely, MMA combines both methods of combat and therefore appears to be physiologically complex requiring a spectrum of mechanical and metabolic qualities to drive performance. However, little is known about the physiological characteristics that distinguish higher- from lower-level MMA athletes. Such information provides guidance for training interventions, performance testing and talent identification. Furthermore, while MMA incorporates techniques from both grappling and striking sports, it is unknown precisely how these disciplines differ physiologically. Understanding the relationship between higher-level competitors in grappling and striking combat sports can provide further insight into the development of the optimal performance profile of a higher-level MMA athlete.
This article aims to analyse the scientific literature on MMA and the primary combat sports underpinning it to determine the physiological adaptations that distinguish superior competitors, with a view to defining the optimal physiological profile for higher-level MMA performance. Furthermore, this article will explore the differences in these capabilities between grappling- and striking-based combat sports in the context of MMA.
A literature search was undertaken via PubMed, Web of Science, SportDiscus and Google Scholar. The following sports were included for systematic review based on their relevance to MMA: mixed martial arts, boxing, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, judo, karate, kickboxing, Muay Thai and wrestling. The inclusion criteria allowed studies that compared athletes of differing competition levels in the same sport using a physiological performance measure. Only male, adult (aged 17-40 years), able-bodied competitors were included. The search history spanned from the earliest record until September 2015.
Of the eight combat sports searched for, five were represented across 23 studies. Sixteen investigations described maximal strength or neuromuscular power variables, while 19 articles reported anaerobic or aerobic measures. The results indicate that a number of strength, neuromuscular power and anaerobic variables distinguished higher- from lower-level combat sport athletes. However, these differences were less clear when groups were stratified within, rather than between competition grades. Greater aerobic power was generally not present amongst superior combat sport competitors.
There appear to be differing physiological profiles between more successful grappling and striking combat sport athletes. This is represented by high-force demands of grappling sports causing an upwards shift of the entire force-velocity relationship driven by an increase in maximal strength. In comparison, smaller increases in maximal force production with more notable enhancements in lighter load, higher velocity actions may better identify superior performance in striking sports. Anaerobic capabilities largely distinguished higher- from lower-level combat sport athletes. In particular, longer-term anaerobic efforts seem to define successful grappling-based athletes, while superior competitors in striking sports tend to show dominance in shorter-term measures when compared with their lower-level counterparts. Given the demand for both forms of combat in MMA, a spectrum of physiological markers may characterize higher-level competitors. Furthermore, the performance profile of successful MMA athletes may differ based on combat sport history or competition strategy.
Martial arts training focuses on whole-body movement patterning, philosophy, interpersonal interactions, and functional self-defense. Such training has positive impacts on physical, psychological, ...and cognitive well-being in older adults and children with and without clinical conditions. We hypothesize that martial arts training can be delivered as a form of exercise therapy for people at all ages to enhance overall health.
Mythologies of Martial Arts is an introduction to the key myths and ideologies around martial arts in contemporary popular culture internationally. It is the first book to draw together practical ...experience and seminal texts across a multitude of disciplines to offer original insights into the complex, contradictory world of martial arts. It is an accessible but theoretically sophisticated book aimed at student, scholars and anyone interested in martial arts practice.
La lateralidad es un fenómeno ampliamente estudiado, pero aún no se han determinado claramente qué factores intervienen en su desarrollo. No obstante, fundamentalmente durante la niñez, varios ...estudios han demostrado que la dominancia lateral se puede llegar a entrenar y modificar, y en diversas disciplinas deportivas la dominancia lateral resulta ser un factor clave en el rendimiento, y se contempla como tal en los entrenamientos que se plantean. Nuestro objetivo es examinar la percepción de los entrenadores del tratamiento de la lateralidad en el entrenamiento del karate. Hemos empleado metodología cuantitativa de corte descriptivo, llevándose a cabo un estudio transversal basado en la muestra, aplicando un cuestionario diseñado ad hoc. Han accedido a participar en el estudio 72 entrenadores/as en activo. El ambidextrismo es el tipo de lateralidad que más ventajas aporta a nivel competitivo según los entrenadores/as. El segmento en el que es más común que los deportistas sufran un cambio de lateralidad forzada es el pie. Dicha modificación suele producirse mayoritariamente en aquellas personas que son diestras, con el objetivo de que cambien a una dominancia lateral zurda. La mayoría de entrenadores/as que intentar cambiar la lateralidad de sus deportistas lo hace a partir de los 8 años, pareciendo éste un momento óptimo para realizar el cambio, y normalmente cuando éstos se encuentran en nivel competitivo nacional. Los entrenadores/as “casi siempre” realizan un trabajo bilateral equilibrado en kumite y en kata, considerando importante mantener este balance.
Abstract. Laterality is a widely studied phenomenon, but the factors involved in its development have not yet been clearly determined. However, mainly during childhood, several studies have shown that lateral dominance can be trained and modified. In various sports disciplines lateral dominance turns out to be a key factor in performance, so it is considered as such in training. Our objective is to examine the coaches' perception of the laterality treatment in karate training. We have used a descriptive quantitative methodology, carrying out a cross-sectional study based on the sample, applying an ad hoc designed questionnaire. 72 active coaches have agreed to participate in the study. Ambidextrism is the type of laterality that provides the most advantages at a competitive level according to coaches. The segment in which it is most common for athletes to undergo a forced lateral change is the foot. Such modification usually occurs mainly in those people who are right-handed, with the aim that they change to a left-handed lateral dominance. Most coaches who try to change the laterality of their athletes, do so when they are more than 7 years old, and usually when they are at a national competitive level. Coaches “almost always” perform balanced bilateral work in kumite and kata, considering it important to maintain this balance.
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