The need to verify vehicle emissions in real world operation led to the implementation of Real Driving Emissions (RDE) test procedures, effective since September 2017 for new Euro 6 cars following ...the Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/427, which defines the RDE test conditions and data analysis methods to allow representative results. Main factors addressed by the regulation include the share of driving operation, ambient temperature range, altitude and elevation difference. However, RDE is still debatable since not only boundary conditions but also the evaluation methods and trip selection are being discussed together with a carbon dioxide (CO2) regulation, which is planned to be implemented in the short term.
Thus, this work focuses on analyzing the effect of different data measurement and analysis methods (i.e. cold-operation, road grade, trip selection and driving style) on CO2 and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions based on 13 RDE tests performed in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, Portugal. The tests were conducted by 2 drivers using 5 vehicles. Each driver performed 2 trips per vehicle, one in normal driving and other in aggressive driving. A Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) was used to collect 1 Hz data, which was compared and analyzed using the European Commission (EC) proposed method for RDE tests.
Results show the effects of each parameter such as average difference between drivers (7% in CO2 and 55% in NOx emissions) and between aggressive and normal driving. For road grade, big oscillations happen during the slope profile, which impacts emissions during all trips. Considering cold-operation, CO2 and NOx emissions are, on average, ~25% and 55% higher, respectively, than in hot-operation. These results highlight the need for deeper studies on these factors to assure that RDE tests evolve to a more established certification procedure than laboratorial certifications.
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•Evaluate current European RDE data analysis methods•Assess boundary conditions and driving behavior influence on RDE tests•Quantify the impacts of these factors in terms of CO2 and NOx emissions•Driving behavior leads to variations of up to 7% in CO2 and 55% in NOx emissions•Cold-operation increase CO2 and NOx emissions by 25% and 55% compared to hot-operation
•Compensating delay of communication links and transmission lines by designing ADC.•Coordinated design of FACTS devices and RSC using WADC.•Design of a new large-scale power system composed of FACTS ...devices and wind farms.•Evaluating different uncertainty scenarios of random delays and power system.•Employing synthesis H∞/H2 method for design of robust ADC.
The main aim of this paper is to compensate the delays resulted from communication links transmitting wide-area measurement signals in a new large-scale power system. The proposed controller is based on adaptive delay compensation which is able to handle the uncertainty arising from the phase delay by means of scheduling the delay’s value. In this design, further to compensation of WAMS’s delays, the delay due to internal structure of closed-loop system is also modeled, and by using synthesis H∞/H2 technique, its robustness has been evaluated by defining an objective function. Then, by means of small-signal stability analysis, a wide-area damping controller has been employed for coordination of FACTS devices including STATCOM and HVDC with the controller of rotor-side-convertor (RSC) in DFIG. The simulations have been implemented on 8-area power system including wind farms and FACTS devices through different scenarios.
An Overview of Six Sigma Montgomery, Douglas C.; Woodall, William H.
International statistical review,
December 2008, Volume:
76, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
We provide an introductory overview of the Six Sigma development and improvement processes. A historical perspective is provided. We also discuss the statistical methods frequently used within this ...framework and briefly comment on the impact of Six Sigma on the practice of statistics in industry. Nous offrons une vue d'ensemble d'introduction des processus de développement et d'amélioration de Six Sigma. Nous présentons également une perspective historique. Nous discutons aussi des méthodes statistiques fréquemment utilisées dans ce cadre et commentons brièvement l'impact de Six Sigma sur la pratique des statistiques dans l'industrie.
Among various applications of digital twins, measuring particulate matter in the context of air pollution has become increasingly important due to growing interest in atmospheric environments. By ...obtaining particle count values from analogue‐to‐digital converter raw data through photodiode and calibrating them, particulate matter values can be acquired. The singular‐value–decomposition is efficient transfer function learning method. However, due to the linear nature of the transfer function of singular‐value–decomposition, it also conveys noise information, necessitating post‐processing to suppress noise. This study proposes a method that utilizes long short‐term memory neural networks to effectively stabilize noise based on the output of continuous dust sensor particulate matter distributions. Using the singular value decomposition based particulate matter shows relative root‐mean‐square error (4.4761, 100%) as a reference, the proposed long short‐term memory post‐processing demonstrates an improved result (2.9328, 65.52%) compared to other post‐processing method: the mean filter (3.6704, 82.00%), low‐pass filter (3.7719, 84.27%) and Kalman filter (3.5550, 79.42%). Furthermore, to address the limitation of initial delay in long short‐term memory to achieve stable data output, a method of iteratively training the initial input data sample is proposed. For the initial input data, the non‐initialization approach exhibited a relative error of 87.57% and it took around 5 samples to predict stable output. In contrast, the proposed iterative training method, applied five times to the initial data sample, achieved a relative error of 9.51% and immediately obtained stable data.
Concept of digital twin of dust sensing: (a) High‐cost dust sensing system with single high‐performance sensor, (b) low‐cost dust sensing system with additional low‐performance sensors, (c) proposed dust sensing system with low‐performance sensor by replicating high‐performance sensor.
Abstract
The analysis of magnetic near‐field radiation emissions (MNRE) has recently raised more attention in device‐level electromagnetic compatibility testing. Pattern clustering of MNRE for ...integrated circuits manually is very time‐consuming because of the multi‐dimensional characteristics of MNRE, such as frequency, spatial position, emission intensity, etc. This paper proposes a novel pattern clustering method of MNRE, including strong emission frequency extraction, feature extraction, and density‐based clustering. Ring oscillator and five working states are designed on a Field Programmable Gate Array with 256 Ball Grid Array package, which are used to create a complex multi‐source emission case for verifying the effectiveness of the clustering method. The verification results show that the proposed method can correctly cluster the multi‐source emission patterns. Further, the method is also applied to a Microcontroller Unit with unknown operating states; the results show that the proposed method also can effectively distinguish the unknown emission patterns and locate the unknown interference source. The accuracy of the interference source location is proven by 3D X‐ray microscope inspection.
In this paper, we seek to understand the ethics of accounting technology design. We commence by working with the concept of technological mediation, which is theorizing how technologies steer actions ...by evoking given behaviours and by contributing to perceptions and interpretations of reality that form the basis for choices and decisions to act. As such, this relation between people and technologies has important ethical consequences since it implies that technologies contribute actively to how humans do ethics. In this paper, we draw upon a postphenomenological approach (Ihde; Verbeek) to study and to theorise the moral mediations brought about by accounting technology, by examining how, in its design, technology can actively mediate the moral choices and guide the moral actions human beings make. Our central research question is ‘how is morality mediated in the design of accounting technologies?‘. This question is explored through an ethnographic study of the design of a new Performance Measurement and Compensation System in the Italian division of a multi-national pharmaceutical company. We offer two main contributions towards answering this question. First, by working within the theory of technological mediation, we develop the concept of a ‘moral imaginary’ as an approach to understanding designing the morality of things. Second, we elaborate a process model to theorise how moral mediations unfold in the design of accounting technology. From our conceptual motivation and the theoretical elaboration it inspired, we illuminate how the design of accounting technologies, in this case a PMS system, is a form of ‘engineering ethics’ through techno-moral mediation.
•Discussion on the advanced local protection against the stressed conditions and applied variables.•Discussion on the benefits and application of wide-area measurement systems in the protection ...systems.•Discussion on balancing the security and dependability of the wide-area protection systems and comparison of some proposed methods.•Discussion on the out-of-step protection methods and comparison of the proposed schemes for the out-of-step prediction.•Investigation of the impact of integrating RESs and FACTs in power systems on the performance of protection systems, and discussion on the new trends regarding the renewable energy resources penetration and artificial intelligent tools emerging.
The reliable operation of modern power systems faces numerous challenges, including wide-area disturbances, protection system misoperation, complex interconnected configurations, limited stability margins, variable renewable energy resources, and increasing energy demands. However, advancements in measurement devices, computation, and communication technologies present opportunities for constructing smart grids and implementing effective wide-area monitoring, protection, and control systems. To address these challenges, extensive research has been conducted on utilizing wide-area information to enhance protection and monitoring systems and provide a comprehensive understanding of the power system status for control centers to prevent undesirable conditions. This paper provides a comprehensive review of existing work in the areas of wide-area monitoring and protection, with a particular focus on balancing security and reliability in protection systems, supervising distance protection systems, wide-area protection against out-of-step conditions, voltage profile monitoring, and addressing issues related to integrating renewable energy resources. By examining the benefits and challenges of wide-area monitoring and protection systems in modern power systems, this review aims to identify opportunities for future research and development in this field.
This paper focuses on the introduction of new performance measurement system (PMS) for measuring teaching performance in Universities. The adoption of such PMS should prompt significant changes in ...existing control processes, but the goals of reform do not automatically translate into the desired organisational responses. Given the impact of PMS on management controls, the nature of such ambiguities may be better investigated using a framework that allows management control systems (MCS) to be taken in account. This paper investigates key actors' perceptions regarding the introduction of PMS through the lens of the levers of control (Simons, 1995, 2000). A qualitative analysis is conducted on interviews held with Italian university teaching managers and heads of programmes to examine the ambiguities arising from the implementation of a PMS.
Several ambiguities emerge, both within and between the levers analysed, suggesting some reasons for the (partial) ineffectiveness of PMS reforms. In particular, the belief systems lever is crucial in making reforms acceptable, bureaucratic procedures are important in the diagnostic control systems lever, and performance indicators operate as a boundary system lever. Our findings show that administrative and academic actors perceive the interactive control capacity of PMS differently.
The groundbreaking transformations triggered by the Industry 4.0 paradigm have dramatically reshaped the requirements for control and communication systems within the factory systems of the future. ...The aforementioned technological revolution strongly affects industrial smart and distributed measurement systems as well, pointing to ever more integrated and intelligent equipment devoted to derive accurate measurements. Moreover, as factory automation uses ever wider and complex smart distributed measurement systems, the well-known Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm finds its viability also in the industrial context, namely Industrial IoT (IIoT). In this context, communication networks and protocols play a key role, directly impacting on the measurement accuracy, causality, reliability and safety. The requirements coming both from Industry 4.0 and the IIoT, such as the coexistence of time-sensitive and best effort traffic, the need for enhanced horizontal and vertical integration, and interoperability between Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT), fostered the development of enhanced communication subsystems. Indeed, established technologies, such as Ethernet and Wi-Fi, widespread in the consumer and office fields, are intrinsically non-deterministic and unable to support critical traffic. In the last years, the IEEE 802.1 Working Group defined an extensive set of standards, comprehensively known as Time Sensitive Networking (TSN), aiming at reshaping the Ethernet standard to support for time-, mission- and safety-critical traffic. In this paper, a comprehensive overview of the TSN Working Group standardization activity is provided, while contextualizing TSN within the complex existing industrial technological panorama, particularly focusing on industrial distributed measurement systems. In particular, this paper has to be considered a technical review of the most important features of TSN, while underlining its applicability to the measurement field. Furthermore, the adoption of TSN within the Wi-Fi technology is addressed in the last part of the survey, since wireless communication represents an appealing opportunity in the industrial measurement context. In this respect, a test case is presented, to point out the need for wirelessly connected sensors networks. In particular, by reviewing some literature contributions it has been possible to show how wireless technologies offer the flexibility necessary to support advanced mobile IIoT applications.
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