Air superiority enhances military firepower and maneuverability and is critical to battlefield success. We offer the first quantitative test of the relationship between air superiority and ...battlefield outcomes. To conduct the test, we created a data set of which side, if any, achieved air superiority in the decisive battle of conventional wars between 1932 and 2003. We found that air superiority significantly improved a country’s probability of winning the decisive battle as well as the overall war. Further, we found that air superiority was a better predictor of winning a war than other well-known factors such as adoption of the modern system, regime type, civil–military relations, and a general measure of military power.
The study analyzes the errors of the measuring optical power divider of laser radiation. This divider is used to transmit a unit of average power of high-intensity laser radiation and is structurally ...designed as a wedge. The error of the division factor, which affects the accuracy of the unit transmission, is determined. The random component of the division factor error estimation is assessed. A determination method based on the rearrangement of the measuring instruments used is proposed to provide the most probable estimate. The error caused by the nonlinearity of the measuring instruments used to determine the division factor is investigated, and its largest interval is estimated. In case of invariability of the conversion coefficients of the measuring instruments used on the laser radiation power, the method excludes the dependence of the error in determining the division factor on the said coefficients and reduces their influence on the transmission error. The possibility of controlling the divider division factor by determining the control parameter and its confidence interval when transmitting a radiation power unit is substantiated, and a formula for calculating this interval in each measurement cycle is obtained. The parameter value and the change in confidence interval can be used to control the reliability of the transmission of a power unit to the calibrated measuring tool in real time.
The paper describes the design and management of smart sockets that are wirelessly controlled by a central unit. Each socket has an integrated sensor designed to measure the current consumption of ...the device; if necessary, this sensor can remotely disconnect the unit plugged in a concrete socket from the AC network. The final section of the article presents selected results from the relevant testing cycles.
A block diagram and a mathematical model of a measuring power converter of high accuracy and speed of response are considered. Relations for estimating the conversion error and the gain in accuracy ...are presented. The proposed block diagram and the model enable high-speed power converters for multichannel systems to be developed using typical components with a conversion error not greater than tenths of a percent in the audio-frequency band.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
One of the most important considerations in the product life-cycle of an embedded project is to understand and optimize the power consumption of the device. Power consumption is highly visible for ...hand-held devices which require battery power to be able to guarantee certain minimum usage/idle times between recharging. Other main embedded applications, such as medical equipment, test, measurement, media, and wireless base stations, are very sensitive to power as well – due to the need to manage the heat dissipation of increasingly powerful processors, power supply cost, and energy consumption cost – so the fact is that power consumption cannot be overlooked. The responsibility for setting and keeping power requirements often falls on the shoulders of hardware designers, but the software programmer has the ability to provide a large contribution to power optimization. Often, the impact that the software engineer has on the power consumption of a device is overlooked or underestimated. The goal of this chapter is to discuss how software can be used to optimize power consumption, starting with the basics of what power consumption consists of, how to properly measure power consumption, and then moving on to techniques for minimizing power consumption in software at the algorithmic level, hardware level, and data-flow level. This will include demonstrations of the various techniques and explanations of both how and why certain methods are effective at reducing power so the reader can take and apply this work to their application immediately.
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