In this paper the principle of biconstituent information is considered as the unity of its "properties" and its "carrier" (for example, in optics knowledge about the reference and reflected rays is ...necessary for information extraction). In data analysis it is proposed to consider the measurement procedure as the "carrier" and the measured value as a "property". The existence of the risk of obtaining an incorrect result of processing the measurement data is stated because of the knowledge incompleteness of complicated in general case information mechanism. A generalized form of the object-property table is proposed to reflect the realities of the empirical data accumulation. Presence of dependencies between the results of the measurement procedures has been researched as one of the fundamental risk factors. The necessity of introducing the so-called "properties existence constraints" into the context of data analysis problems is justified as illustrated by examples from cognitive data analysis.
Torque versus time during testing of the rheological properties of fresh concrete has been investigated. The testing was performed in a BML viscometer and on a self-compacting concrete (w/c=0.45, 70% ...rapid hardening Portland cement, 3% silica fume, 27% fly ash, third generation superplasticizer). The relaxation period needed to obtain steady-state flow may affect the rheological properties estimated and should be taken into account in the selection of measuring procedures. Nonsteady state is likely to cause an overestimation of the plastic viscosity and an underestimation of the yield value. Furthermore, lack of steady state may explain the apparent shear-thickening behaviour of self-compacting concrete reported elsewhere.
Quadraphonic transmission ultrasonic defectoscopy (QTUD) is a new method of ultrasound. This paper presents a detailed and systematic view of the measuring procedure that enables the discovery of a ...necessary optimal balance between, on the one side, efficiency and reliability of the QTUD measuring system, and on the other, minimizing the investment costs in the measuring components precision. This type of defectoscope applies relatively low frequencies of just a few tens of kilohertz that enable the necessary signal penetration during the measuring procedure. This paper shows a defectoscopic examination of the standard aluminum material AlMg3 with a defect that has been purposely created in need of developing the QTUD measuring procedure, whereby varied wave forms and the amplitude levels of signal have been used for the purpose of their optimization.
In case of a detected partial discharge (PD) in new power transformer during the delivery test in the high voltage laboratory, the most important question arises from both the customer as well as ...from the manufacturer: where is the PD source? In such a situation, additionally to the measurement of apparent charge with a conventional PD-system, detection of acoustical PD signals can be used to localize the PD source. In many cases, especially for hidden PD sources in the solid insulation, or in the main insulation, there are no acoustical PD-signals detectable. To open a transformer for visual inspection without a clear indication about the position of the PD source is not only time consuming but also in many cases without any findings. In this contribution a successful procedure for reliable identification and localization of dangerous PD-sources is described.
Technique based on frequency response is suggested for the measuring of time lag constants in heat conduction problem. Steady state temperature distribution at a semi infinite medium subjected to ...periodic heat flux for non-Fourier, Dual Phase Lag, and T wave models are found and thermal impedances are acquired. The time lags of these models can be found by measuring thermal impedance. Because of the difficulties concerning generating and measuring high frequencies, it is focused on the minimum required frequency to achieve a suitable accuracy. Some notes and a procedure are proposed to determine time lags of mentioned models with desired accuracy.
Farben im Metallleichtbau Burkhardt, Siegfried
Der Stahlbau,
July 2010, 2010-07-00, Volume:
79, Issue:
7
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Auch im Industriebau spielt die Farbe eine wichtige Rolle zur architektonischen Gestaltung eines Gebäudes. Für die Außenhautdieser Bauwerke werden zum großen Teil Elemente aus dem Metallleichtbau ...verwendet. Bei einem großen Teil dieser Elemente handelt es sich um Sandwichelemente, Bauteile mit dünnen Metalldeckschichten und einem Dämmstoffkern zur Erzielung der Wärmedämmung. Die Deckschalen sind in aller Regel bandbeschichtet und können jede erdenkbare Farbe haben. Im Rahmen der Ursachenforschung von zwei zunächst nicht erklärbaren Schadensfällen wurde festgestellt, dass für die Helligkeit der eingesetzten Farbe der Kunststoffbeschichtungen infolge zweier Messverfahren unterschiedliche Ergebnissen gemessen wurden. Auch die allgemeinen bauaufsichtlichen Zulassungen gaben hierzu keine verlässlichen Angaben. Dies führte dazu, auf diese Messverfahren und vor allem auf die sich daraus ergebenden Schadensmöglichkeiten näher einzugehen.
Colours in light metal construction. Also in the industrial construction the colour plays an important role in the architectural design of a building. For the lining of these buildings light metal elements are used largely. For the most part these elements are sandwich elements, components with thin metal top layers and a core of insulating material to achieve thermal insulation. Usually the top layer is coated and can have any conceivable colour. In the course of investigating two cases of damage, which could not be clarified initially, it was established that the brightness of the plastic‐coatings measured by two different measurement procedures gave different results. In addition the general technical approvals did not provide any reliable statements for this. This led to investigate these measurement methods and above all the possibilities of damage resulting.
This study presents the development of a PC-based 4-axis reverse engineering measurement system, in which a triangulation laser probe was integrated with a 4-axis measurement machine, to measure the ...complete 3D surface of a small complex object. The information in the whole measuring system, comprising a personal computer, a multi-axis motion control card, and a controller of the circular triangulation laser probe as well as the 4-axis measuring machine and the laser mentioned above, was integrated technically. The measurement software programmed with C++ language was also developed to configure the measuring path and process the digitized data points. Four scanning procedures and the data registration methods, namely the zigzag reciprocal measuring procedure, rotational measuring procedure, multifold measuring procedure, and the combination of horizontal and vertical measuring procedures, were proposed for the developed measurement system. Based on the experimental results, the developed system was applied successfully to the reverse engineering measurement of some small complex models, such as a surgical guide model, an incisor tooth model, and a toy model.
Although subglottal pressures in conversational speech are relatively easily measured and thus known, the higher values that sometimes occur in singing (especially in tenors) have received little ...attention in the literature. Still more unusual is the opportunity to measure a large-scale change over decades in the application of pressure in singing production. This study compares measurements of subglottal pressure in a tenor/singing teacher (JS) at two points in his career: in his early thirties, when he was a subject in HS's dissertation study on the efficiency of voice production; and recently, in his fifties, in connection with JS's forthcoming book on the history of the pedagogy of Bel Canto. Although a single case study, its points of special interest include the high values initially measured (up to100 cm H
2O) and the reduction of this figure by more than 50% in the maximal values of the recent measurements. The study compares these values with those of other singers in the same laboratory (both with esophageal balloon and directly, with a catheter passed through the glottis) and in the literature, as well as discusses in detail the problems pertaining to the measurement (repeatability, correcting for lung volume, etc.).
As a sophisticated subject, JS makes some pertinent observations about the changes in his use of subglottal pressure.
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