This paper presents the analytical approach to the study of non-stationary characteristics of information-measuring system operating in the event of faults. Analysis of the performance of signal ...processing devices in this mode of operation is an important problem and it is of great interest for modern instrumentation. The main characteristics of the performance of information-measuring systems under periodic faults are obtained, such as the probability of distortion and loss of signals, the time of the transition mode. The paper also presents numerical calculations of the characteristics of the information-measuring system with three different types of devices.
Abstract
Gravimetric and dielectric permittivity measurement systems (DMS) are applied to measure snow density, but few studies have addressed differences between the two measurement systems under ...complex snowpack conditions. A field experiment was conducted to measure the snow density using the two measurement systems in stratigraphical layers of different densities, liquid water content (LWC), hardness, and shear strength, and the performance of the two measurement systems was analyzed and compared. The results showed that the snow density from the DMS tended to underestimate by 9% in the dry snowpack and overestimate by 3% in the wet snowpack, expressed as the percentage of the mean density from the gravimetric measurement system (GMS). Compared with the GMS, the DMS has relatively low precision and accuracy in the dry snowpack and similar precision and accuracy in the wet snowpack. The accuracy and precision of the two measurement systems increased with the increase of hardness and shear strength of snow in the dry snowpack, but the accuracy and precision measured of the DMSs increased with the decrease of hardness and shear strength of snow in wet snowpack. The results will help field operators to choose a more reasonable measurement system based on snowpack characteristics to get reliable density data and optimize field measurements.
Bioelectronic implantable systems (BIS) targeting biomedical and clinical research should combine long‐term performance and biointegration in vivo. Here, recent advances in novel encapsulations to ...protect flexible versions of such systems from the surrounding biological environment are reviewed, focusing on material strategies and synthesis techniques. Considerable effort is put on thin‐film encapsulation (TFE), and specifically organic–inorganic multilayer architectures as a flexible and conformal alternative to conventional rigid cans. TFE is in direct contact with the biological medium and thus must exhibit not only biocompatibility, inertness, and hermeticity but also mechanical robustness, conformability, and compatibility with the manufacturing of microfabricated devices. Quantitative characterization methods of the barrier and mechanical performance of the TFE are reviewed with a particular emphasis on water‐vapor transmission rate through electrical, optical, or electrochemical principles. The integrability and functionalization of TFE into functional bioelectronic interfaces are also discussed. TFE represents a must‐have component for the next‐generation bioelectronic implants with diagnostic or therapeutic functions in human healthcare and precision medicine.
The state of the art and recent advances in encapsulations of flexible bioelectronic chronic implants are reviewed. The materials, deposition and application technologies, and cutting‐edge characterization methods are described in detail. Smart encapsulations integrated into microfabrication, patterned, and actively interacting with the surrounding tissues are also highlighted.
Analytical performance specifications (APS) are usually compared to the
of measuring a particular measurand using a single
diagnostic medical device (IVD MD). Healthcare systems assembling multiple ...laboratories that include several IVD MDs and cater to patients suffering from long-term disease conditions mean that samples from a patient are analyzed using a few IVD MDs, sometimes from different manufacturers, but rarely all IVD MDs in the healthcare system. The
for results of a measurand measured within a healthcare system and the components of this measurement uncertainty is useful in strategies to minimize bias and overall measurement uncertainty within the healthcare system. The root mean squares deviation (RMSD) calculated as the sample standard deviation (SD) and relative SD includes both imprecision and bias and is appropriate for expressing such uncertainties. Results from commutable stabilized internal and external control samples, from measuring split natural patient samples or using big-data techniques, are essential in monitoring bias and measurement uncertainties in healthcare systems. Variance component analysis (VCA) can be employed to quantify the relative contributions of the most influential factors causing measurement uncertainty. Such results represent invaluable information for minimizing measurement uncertainty in the interest of the healthcare systemʼs patients.
The article has as its main purpose the detailed investigation of the geometric methods of tracing historical structures, using a variety of examples. The design and construction of historic ...buildings has long been the subject of extensive research. However, the application of geometry to the constructional tracing of basic building elements is a relatively unknown field of science.
The methodology is primarily concerned with presenting the broader scientific context and analysing the design and tracing of structures. Through examples covering a wide range of times - from ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, Roman times, Byzantium, Islamic architecture, to the western Middle Ages and the Renaissance - it is proven that two distinct methods are historically used in design and construction: the first relates to geometrical constructions based on the use of circles, squares and equilateral triangles (ad quadratum and ad triangulum), while the second relates to pure modular systems with the help of pythagorean triangles for the rectangular tracing of building elements. For the understanding of the two methods, basic tracing and construction control tools are presented and different historical metric systems are analysed.
Through the analysis of the examples the basic design principles of historical architecture are revealed and the geometrical methods used by building guilds are inscribed. In this way, the importance of architectural models and the role of particular knowledge of geometry in the construction and the final form of historical structures are crystallised.
•Overground measurement devices show higher agreement than wearable devices.•Basic spatiotemporal parameters show higher agreement than relative phase parameters.•Wearable devices agree particularly ...poorly for relative phase parameters.•Correct detection of heel-strike and toe-off is crucial for reliable gait analysis.
Measuring gait function has become an essential tool in the assessment of mobility in aging populations for both, clinicians and researchers. A variety of systems exist that assess gait parameters such as gait cycle time, gait speed or duration of relative gait phases. Due to different measurement principles such as inertial or pressure sensors, accurate detection of spatiotemporal events may vary between systems.
To compare the absolute agreement and consistency in spatiotemporal gait parameters among five different clinical gait analysis systems using different sensor technologies.
We compared two devices using inertial sensors (GaitUp & Mobility Lab), two devices using pressure sensor systems (GAITRite & Zebris) as well as one optical system (OptoGait). Twelve older adults walked at self-selected speed through a walkway integrating all of the above systems. Basic spatiotemporal parameters (gait cycle time, cadence, gait speed and stride length) as well as measures of relative phase (stance phase, swing phase, double stance phase, single limb support) were extracted from all systems. We used Intraclass Correlation Coefficients as measures of agreement and consistency.
High agreement and consistency between all systems was found for basic spatiotemporal parameters, whereas parameters of relative phase showed poorer agreement and consistency. Overground measurement (GAITRite & OptoGait) showed generally higher agreement with each other as compared to inertial sensor-based systems.
Our results indicate that accurate detection of both, the heel-strike and toe-off event are crucial for reliable results. Systematic errors in the detection of one or both events may only have a small impact on basic spatiotemporal outcomes as errors remain consistent from step to step. Relative phase parameters on the other hand may be affected to a much larger extent as these differences lead to a systematic increase or reduction of relative phase durations.
Zusammenfassung
Digitalisierung und Energiewende verändern unser Leben in großen Schritten. Den Eichbehörden kommt dabei nach wie vor mit ihrer messtechnischen Kompetenz die Aufgabe zu für ...Verbraucherschutz und fairen Wettbewerb zu sorgen. Es werden Beispiel gezeigt, wie sich einerseits eichtechnische Aufgaben verringern (z. B. Abgasmessgeräte und Taxameter), aber andererseits viele neue Aufgaben hinzukommen (z. B. Ladesäulen, neue nachhaltige Treibstoffe, intelligente Messsysteme).
Optical 3D measuring systems serve as indispensable tools for the measurement and quality control of complex objects feeding process chains in industrial information integration. However, the ...accuracy of 3D measurements is influenced by a multitude of parameters, and the associated measurement uncertainties and influential factors remain insufficiently researched. This study investigates the effects of measurement object properties and software on measurement outcomes. Specifically, we examine seven geometries (diameter, distance, roundness, concentricity, flatness, parallelism and verticality) and four influencing factors (surface roughness, coating, polygonization, and interpolation). Our analysis employs variance analysis and compares the results with those obtained through linear regression using machine learning. In conclusion, the analysis of measurement uncertainty for optical 3D measurement systems in the assessment of seven distinct geometric characteristics provides a framework for determination of process chain suitability of the optical 3D measuring system.
Internet of Things (IoT) provides a vital atmosphere for a wide number of exciting applications in sustainable digital cities and societies, including additive factories, smart transportation, and ...smart industry. However, in a smart city environment, security measures may not be effective during data transmission. Data manipulation may result from the interchange of data between various devices, and transmission of unprocessed data may be particularly vulnerable to such manipulation attempts. In order to reduce data tampering, it is required to compress and encrypt the raw data and transmit it over the network to protect it from cyberattacks. In this research, the data is compressed by the LZW lossless compression algorithm and subsequently encrypted using DNA cryptography. Initially, the raw data are collected through various IoT devices. The raw data are compressed using LZW lossless compression algorithm. Compression is advantageous since it minimizes the amount of storage and transmission resources required. Through data compression, a smaller amount of bits are required for representing data. After compressing the data, the compressed data are encrypted using a DNA cryptography algorithm. DNA cryptography is used to encrypt compressed data for secure data transmission. After encryption, the encrypted data are secured within the cloud. The simulation assessment displays the suggested approach attains a 90
compression and encryption rate. This illustrates that the suggested approach performs better than current approaches already in use. Based on this proposed method, the transaction is executed securely to provide a secure smart city environment.
Digitalisierung und Energiewende verändern unser Leben in großen Schritten. Den Eichbehörden kommt dabei nach wie vor mit ihrer messtechnischen Kompetenz die Aufgabe zu für Verbraucherschutz und ...fairen Wettbewerb zu sorgen. Es werden Beispiel gezeigt, wie sich einerseits eichtechnische Aufgaben verringern (z. B. Abgasmessgeräte und Taxameter), aber andererseits viele neue Aufgaben hinzukommen (z. B. Ladesäulen, neue nachhaltige Treibstoffe, intelligente Messsysteme).
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