In the year of the South African Communist Party’s centenary, Tom Lodge’s in-depth, scholarly work is a landmark achievement. The account is particularly strong in tracing the ideological currents ...that shaped the party and the changing and diverse sociology of its membership. The influential role of the party in helping transform the African National Congress into a mass-based campaigning formation from 1945 is a central focus. Lodge also traces the critical role of the party in the re-building, at first largely in exile, of a weakened ANC following the major strategic setback of the liberation movement in the mid-1960s. There is less focus on the reciprocal impact of the ANC upon the party, especially in the context of the practice of “dual membership” in both formations. This neglect is one factor in weakening the analysis of the post-1994 period in which the ANC has been the ruling party.
Recently, membership inference attacks (MIAs) against machine learning models have been proposed. Using MIAs, adversaries can inference whether a data record is in the training set of the target ...model. Defense methods which use differential privacy mechanisms or adversarial training cannot handle the trade-off between privacy and utility well. Other methods based on knowledge transfer to improve model utility need public unlabeled data in the same distribution as private data, and this requirement may not be satisfied in some scenarios. To handle the trade-off between privacy and utility better, we propose two algorithms of deep learning, i.e., complementary knowledge distillation (CKD) and pseudo complementary knowledge distillation (PCKD). In CKD, the transfer data of knowledge distillation all come from the private training set, but their soft targets are generated from the teacher model which is trained using their complementary set. With similar idea, we propose PCKD which reduces the training set of each teacher model and uses model averaging to generate soft targets of transfer data. Because smaller training set leads to less utility, PCKD utilizes pre-training to improve the utility of teacher models. Experimental results on widely used datasets show that CKD and PCKD can both averagely decrease attack accuracy by nearly 25% with negligible utility loss. The training time of PCKD is nearly 40% lower than that of CKD. Compared with existing defense methods such as DMP, adversarial regularization, dropout, and DP-SGD, CKD and PCKD have great advantages on handling the trade-off between privacy and utility.
This study examined the interplay of anti‐immigrant prejudice and intergroup contact experience on voting intentions within Britain's 2016 referendum on its membership in the European Union. In the ...days before the referendum, we asked more than 400 British people how they planned to vote. We measured a number of demographic factors expected to predict voting intentions as well as individuals’ prejudice towards and intergroup contact experience (positive and negative) with EU immigrants. Anti‐immigrant prejudice was a strong correlate of support for Brexit. Negative intergroup contact experience was associated with higher anti‐immigrant prejudice and, in turn, increased support for ‘Leave’. Positive intergroup contact, on the other hand, seemed to play a reparative role, predicting lower prejudice and increasing support for ‘Remain’.
Bu çalışma, Avrupa Birliği’nin Sırbistan’la olan üyelik sürecindeki ilişkilerini ve bu ilişkileri yürütürken koşulluluk ilkesini, Sırbistan-Kosova krizinin çözümünde ve iki taraf arasındaki diyaloğun ...sürdürülmesinde kullanma yöntemini ele almayı amaçlamıştır. Avrupa Birliği, üyelik sürecinde koşulluluk ilkesini her devlete özgü farklılıklar arz ederek bu ilkeyi devletler nezdinde farklılaştırmıştır. Dolayısıyla koşulluluk ilkesi, üyelik sürecindeki her bir aday devlet için ayrı ayrı işletilmiştir. Bu noktada çalışmanın üzerinde durduğu temel varsayım, 1980’lerin sonlarında ortaya çıkan Sırbistan-Kosova krizinin, 2009’da Sırbistan’ın AB’ye üyelik başvurusunda bulunmasından sonra koşulluluk ilkesi bağlamında çatışmaya dönüştürmediği ve taraflar arasındaki diyalog sürecinin yaşandığı yönündedir. Sonuç olarak 2009’dan bugüne kadar olan süreçte Avrupa Birliği’nin koşulluluk ilkesinin, Sırbistan-Kosova krizinin çözümünde etkili olduğu, ara sıra taraflar arasında sorunlar yaşansa da en azından bu sorunları çatışmaya dönüştürmediği söylenebilir.
Each wave of expansion of the European Union has led to political tensions and conflict. Existing members fear their membership privileges will diminish and candidates are loath to concede the ...expected benefits of membership. Despite these conflicts, enlargement has always succeeded - so why does the EU continue to admit new states even though current members might lose from their accession? Combining political economy logic with statistical and case study analyses, Christina J. Schneider argues that the dominant theories of EU enlargement ignore how EU members and applicant states negotiate the distribution of enlargement benefits and costs. She explains that EU enlargement happens despite distributional conflicts if the overall gains of enlargement are redistributed from the relative winners among existing members and applicants to the relative losers. If the overall gains from enlargement are sufficiently great, a redistribution of these gains will compensate losers, making enlargement attractive for all states.
Using long-term personal background and registered criminal career data on 2,714 police-identified members of Dutch Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs (OMCGs), the current study examines Dutch OMCG membership ...and its association with members' criminal careers. Results show that Dutch OMCG members differ from the average Dutch adult male population (N = 6,845,110) in terms of demographic, socio-economic, and criminal career characteristics. Furthermore, the findings corroborate statements that selection into Dutch OMCG membership has changed in recent years. Finally, the study explored the consequences of joining and desisting an OMCG on crime. The findings cautiously demonstrate that desistance from OMCG membership is associated with a drop in total and violent registered criminal behavior. No effects of joining an OMCG on crime were found, which is attributed to recent changes in OMCGs' membership profile. Implications for future research are discussed.
Risk taking is typically viewed through a lens of individual deficits (e.g., impulsivity) or normative influence (e.g., peer pressure). An unexplored possibility is that shared group membership, and ...the trust that flows from it, may play a role in reducing risk perceptions and promoting risky behavior. We propose and test a Social Identity Model of Risk Taking in eight studies (total N = 4,708) that use multiple methods including minimal group paradigms, correlational, longitudinal, and experimental designs to investigate the effect of shared social identity across diverse risk contexts. Studies 1 and 2 provided evidence for the basic premise of the model, showing that ingroup members were perceived as posing lower risk and inspired greater risk taking behavior than outgroup members. Study 3 found that social identification was a moderator, such that effect of shared group membership was strongest among high identifiers. Studies 4 and 5 among festival attendees showed correlational and longitudinal evidence for the model and further that risk-taking was mediated by trust, not disgust. Study 6 manipulated the mediator and found that untrustworthy faces were trusted more and perceived as less risky when they were ingroup compared with outgroup members. Studies 7 and 8 identified integrity as the subcomponent of trust that consistently promotes greater risk taking in the presence of ingroup members. The findings reveal that a potent source of risk discounting is the group memberships we share with others. Ironically, this means the people we trust the most may sometimes pose the greatest risk.
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In today's organizations, employees are often assigned as members of multiple teams simultaneously (i.e., multiple team membership), and yet we know little about important leadership and employee ...phenomena in such settings. Using a scenario-based experiment and 2 field studies of leaders and their employees in the People's Republic of China and the United States, we examined how empowering leadership exhibited by 2 different team leaders toward a single employee working on 2 different teams can spillover to affect that employee's psychological empowerment and subsequent proactivity across teams. Consistent across all 3 studies, we found that each of the team leaders' empowering leadership uniquely and positively influenced an employee's psychological empowerment and subsequent proactive behaviors. In the field studies, we further found that empowering leadership exhibited by one team leader influenced the psychological empowerment and proactive behaviors of their team member not only in that leader's team but also in the other team outside of that leader's stewardship. Finally, across studies, we found that empowering leadership exhibited on one team can substitute for lower levels of empowering leadership experienced in a different team led by a distinct leader. We discuss our contributions to the motivation, teams, and leadership literatures and provide practical guidance for leaders charged with managing employees that have multiple team memberships.
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