The new power sector scenario has focused on integrating renewable energy sources into the grid and achieving trustworthy consumer-utility-stakeholder relationships using smart meters. Granular ...consumption data obtained from the data management systems of Advanced Metering Infrastructure helps power utilities build an individual consumer's electricity consumption profile that facilitates better load forecasting, efficient management of demand and supply, and more reliable service. However, different challenges concerned with accessibility of data through different communication layers, such as breaches of privacy of consumer data and security of grid have emerged. Due to this, many customers lose faith in the smart grid. To utilize the full potential of the smart grid system these issues need to be addressed to attain a secure, stable, and reliable grid that brings profit to the utility. This paper provides a comprehensive literature survey to achieve the above-mentioned purposes using data analytics. It also addresses different challenges of using data analytics methods and machine learning applications in mitigating these issues. This study would enable the electric utilities to structure a reliable grid to prevent revenue loss and aid the researchers to recognize the potential and challenges of machine learning techniques in the field of the power sector.
•Challenges of acquiring smart meter data, privacy concerns identified.•To ensure Reliable and secure grid, threats of Smart Grid recognized and alleviated.•Detection of attacks and power theft using smart meter data-leads to a robust grid.•Research challenges of application of smart meter data analytics elaborated.•The need and means of constructing a secured, reliable, robust grid debated.
El desarrollo de este ensayo aborda la temática de la aplicación de la normativa internacional ISO 11460:2007 y su cumplimiento para la evaluación de motocicletas y tricimotos de la ciudad de Quito, ...la cual se encuentra específicamente relacionada a la colocación y nivel de iluminación de los dispositivos de iluminación de estos vehículos. Por esa razón, el objetivo principal del estudio se encuentra relacionado a realizar el ensayo de iluminación que se usa para la homologación de motocicletas y tricimotos acorde a la norma ISO 11460:2007, para lo cual se utilizó como muestra a varias motos aprobadas para circulación en nuestro medio tomadas del mercado a partir del año 2019, ensambladas en el país y en el exterior, el mismo que pondrá en evidencia las falencias y nivel de cumplimiento observados en las motos que conforman la muestra para la investigación, cuyos resultados permitirán establecer la realidad actual de esta problemática. Se realizó un procedimiento adecuado para la evaluación de las motocicletas en el ensayo de iluminación, así como el enfoque, los métodos e instrumentos que permitieron analizar y recolectar información de acuerdo con los lineamientos planteados. Posteriormente en los resultados obtenidos del ensayo de iluminación y los datos de la norma ISO 11460:2007, demostrando que las motos evaluadas desobedecen a dicha norma en algunos de sus dispositivos de iluminación.
The customer domain of the smart grid naturally blends with smart home and smart building systems, but typical proposed approaches are "distributor-centric" rather than "customer-centric," ...undermining user acceptance, and are often poorly scalable. To solve this problem, we propose a detailed architecture and an implementation of a "last-meter" smart grid-the portion of the smart grid on customer premises-embedded in an internet-of-things (IoT) platform. Our approach has four aspects of novelty and advantages with respect to the state of the art: 1) seamless integration of smart grid with smart home applications in the same infrastructure; 2) data gathering from heterogeneous sensor communication protocols; 3) secure and customized data access; and 4) univocal sensor and actuator mapping to a common abstraction layer on which additional concurrent applications can be built. A demonstrator has been built and tested with purposely-developed ZigBee smart meters and gateways, a distributed IoT server, and a flexible user interface.
Abstract
Fertilizer nitrogen (N) management in any region following standard general recommendations discount the fact that crop response to N varies between sites and seasons. To devise ...field-specific N management in wheat at jointing stage (Feekes 6 growth stage) using atLeaf meter and leaf colour chart (LCC), eight field experiments were conducted in three wheat seasons during 2017–2020 in the West Delta of Egypt. In the first two seasons, four experiments consisted of treatments with a range of fertilizer N application levels from 0 to 320 kg N ha
−1
. Monitoring atLeaf and LCC measurements at Feekes 6 growth stage in plots with different yield potentials allowed formulation of different criteria to apply field-specific and crop need-based fertilizer N doses. In the four experiments conducted in the third season in 2019/20, different field-specific N management strategies formulated in 2017/18 and 2018/19 wheat seasons were evaluated. In the atLeaf-based fertilizer N management experiment, prescriptive application of 40 kg N ha
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at 10 days after seeding (DAS) and 60 kg N ha
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at 30 DAS followed by application of an adjustable dose at Feekes 6 stage computed by multiplying the difference of atLeaf measurements of the test plot and the N-sufficient plot with 42.25 (as derived from the functional model developed in this study), resulted in grain yield similar or higher to that obtained by following the standard treatment. The LCC-based strategy to apply field-specific fertilizer N at Feekes 6 stage consisted of applying 150, 100 or 0 kg N ha
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based on LCC shade equal to or less than 4, between 4 and 5 or equal to or more than 5, respectively. Both atLeaf- and LCC-based fertilizer N management strategies not only recorded the highest grain yield levels but also resulted in higher use efficiency with 57–60 kg N ha
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in average less fertilizer use than the standard treatment.
The accessibility of deployed sensor networks from far distance increased day by day. If any animal intrusion and fire detection information detected form sensor nodes can be accessed by the ...administrator at the far distance from the boundary line of forest (BLOF), in the form of meter to meter updates, then, it will be very beneficial for a given village area surrounded by the forest. The Internet of Things (IoT) based layered wireless sensor networks (IoT-BLWSNs) are the best solution for the above presented applications. The IoT-BLWSNs will also be applicable for restricted (hospital, industrial area, animal cage monitoring in zoo etc) and non restricted areas (college and school campus). In the recent years for heterogeneous as well as homogenous layered networks data transmission have been carried out form layers to the cloud in the IoT-BLWSNs. Each sensor nodes within the layer will sense different events in heterogeneous layered networks. For the proposed heterogeneous based layered sensor networks system model, we consider the processing of the data from sensors to the destination will be carried out wirelessly. The received data will get stored into the cloud with the help of Microcontroller at the destination end. Further, a remotely controlled drone will be sent to the corresponding point based on the received location information from the administrator end for the visualization of the intruder. A reliable protection layer to the villagers and crops will get provided from meter to meter updates for animal intrusion and fire detection
Abstract
A secure system is proposed in order to authenticate smart meter reading for securing the overall smart grid communication. Compression based techniques are employed to prevent power reading ...by unauthenticated entities. Impersonation attacks are common in smart grid environment which cause drastic security issues along with economic issues. Compression along with authentication is studied here to weed out the potential threats raised by unauthenticated access. Hypothesis based testing analysis is done to differentiate intruder based signal and genuine signal. This could be applied to meter data more effectively and is thought to bring about low authentication issues concerned with smart meter data. So the increased threat level in smart meter communications in grid can be lowered efficiently by using compression and authentication and make the overall system secure.
As the proportion of behind-the-meter (BTM) renewable energy resources (RERs) in the distribution network continues to rise, the precise role of RERs in the flexibility market, whether as ...“Recipients” or “Providers”, is becoming less distinct. This observation has led us to explore the integration of flexible load resources and RERs into flexibility markets. Such integration facilitates resource sharing among multiple microgrids (MGs). This paper focuses on the potential emergence of a secondary flexibility (SecFlex) market in the power sector among high proportional BTM-RERs microgrids. Within the concept of SecFlex market, this paper outlines a comprehensive process supporting secondary flexibility trading, which includes “SecFlex market organization–trading volume collation–response schedule optimization”. At first, the market mechanism of the SecFlex market is proposed, where players submit an empirical load curve to the market organizer. During the clearing stage, a social welfare equilibrium problem is solved. Subsequently, the equilibrium trading volume is adjusted in the collation stage to account for the distribution network (DN) voltage magnitude balance. Finally, a response schedule strategy is designed to analyze the behaviors of the players. The cvxpy framework is used to solve social welfare and competitive equilibrium in this paper. The results show significant cost reductions for two players, by 77.8% and 24.0% respectively. However, costs for Player 3 have increased substantially, up to 4.6 times the baseline when flexibility is limited. These findings provide theoretical guidance for the development of the SecFlex market.
•A secondary flexibility market mechanism with high share of BTM RERS.•A comprehensive process including market, technical, and control aspects.•A trading volume collation method that supports the secondary flexibility market.•Discussion and control analysis of different behavior patterns of market players.
In this paper, a high-sensitivity digital flow meter, featuring a low-power Thermo-resistive Micro Calorimetric Flow (TMCF) sensor fabricated by CMOS-MEMS technology, is presented for respiratory ...monitoring and neonatal ventilator-assisted ventilation. The packaging of the TMCF sensor has been meticulously optimized to achieve a 1.5-fold increase in sensitivity, resulting in a high sensitivity of 76.5 mV/SLM in the linear range of −7.5SLM to 7.5SLM, and its heating power is only 2.23 mW. The developed digital flow meter is quantized into a 14 bit output within the flow measurement range of −40SLM to 40SLM, providing a high resolution down to 0.005SLM. With a remarkable response time of less than 11.5 ms, corresponding to a bandwidth of 13.8 Hz, and equipped with a 2 kHz data update rate, our proposed digital flow meter excels in capturing abrupt changes in breathing and high-frequency respiratory signals. Furthermore, boasting a noise level below 0.0025SLM, the sensor system demonstrates the capability to identify subtle variations in respiratory flow. Based on its outstanding performance, the high-sensitivity digital flow meter effectively identifies simulated abnormal respiratory patterns, including apnea, polypnea, and hypopnea, and successfully performs closed-loop ventilation measurements for neonates on a ventilator. Therefore, it holds promising potential as a crucial sensing component with high precision, high sensitivity, and low power consumption in respiratory monitoring and neonatal ventilation therapy.
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•A 14-bit digital flow meter with an optimized packaging design for 1.5X sensitivity improvement.•The sensor system exhibits a high sensitivity of 76.5 mV/SLM under a heating power of 2.23 mW.•High bandwidth (13.8 Hz) and low noise (0.0025SLM) ensure accurate respiratory measurements.•Respiratory monitoring and closed-loop ventilation measurements have been successfully demonstrated.
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