Atopijski dermatitis je kronična vnetna bolezen otrok in odraslih, ki nastaja zaradi več različnih vzrokov. Izrazi se z različnimi fenotipi, ki so odvisni od številnih genetskih in epigenetskih ...dejavnikov, vpletenih v njen nastanek. Pojav bolezni med drugim povezujejo tudi s spremembami in neravnovesjem v kožnem in črevesnem mikrobiomu. Optimalno zdravljenje atopijskega dermatitisa je zelo zahtevno in se mora prilagoditi vsakemu bolniku. Glede na novejša dognanja o vlogi mikrobioma pri nastanku in ob ponovitvah bolezni, so med drugimi zdravili pomembni tudi izdelki, ki vplivajo na uravnavanje spremenjenega kožnega in črevesnega mikrobioma.
Disbioza mikrobioma i astma Blaženka Kljaić Bukvić; Mario Blekić; Marija Pečnjak
Liječnički vjesnik,
4/2023, Volume:
145, Issue:
Supp 1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Porast prevalencije alergijskih bolesti u dječjoj dobi povezan je s utjecajima suvremenog okoliša i načina života. Vanjska okolina s mikroorganizmima koji nas okružuju modificira unutarnju okolinu, ...mikrobiom crijeva, kože i pluća. Mikrobiom organizma predstavlja odraz okolišne izloženosti. Neravnoteža, disbioza mikroorganizama u plućima i crijevima u složenoj je interakciji okoline s genetskom osjetljivošću pojedinca te modulira metabolički i imunološki odgovor, čime ima snažnu ulogu u razvoju astme tijekom ranog djetinjstva. Upravo rani razvoj i prve godine života i odrastanja važne su u razvoju astme: zbog snažnog utjecaja međudjelovanja gena i okoline za oblikovanje imunološkog odgovora, zbog prijemljivosti za ponavljajuće i teške infekcije koje nose kasne posljedice te zbog osjetljivog razdoblja razvoja pluća koje determinira plućnu funkciju u kasnijem djetinjstvu i odrasloj dobi. Epidemiološka opažanja upućuju na zaštitni učinak odrastanja na farmama na pojavu astme u školskoj dobi. Učinak je modificiran putem mikroorganizama i njihovih metabolita koji aktiviraju metaboličke i epigenetske promjene tijekom prenatalnoga i ranoga postnatalnog razvoja te kroz međudjelovanje domaćin – mikrobiom usmjeravaju pravce zdravlja i bolesti.
Recent findings suggest that human microbiome can influence the development of cancer, but the role of microorganisms in bladder cancer pathogenesis has not been explored yet. The aim of this study ...was to characterize and compare the urinary microbiome of bladder cancer patients with those of healthy controls. Bacterial communities present in urine specimens collected from 12 male patients diagnosed with bladder cancer, and from 11 healthy, age-matched individuals were analysed using 16S sequencing. Our results show that the most abundant phylum in both groups was Firmicutes, followed by Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. While microbial diversity and overall microbiome composition were not significantly different between groups, we could identify operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that were more abundant in either group. Among those that were significantly enriched in the bladder cancer group, we identified an OTU belonging to genus Fusobacterium, a possible protumorigenic pathogen. In an independent sample of 42 bladder cancer tissues, 11 had Fusobacterium nucleatum sequences detected by PCR. Three OTUs from genera Veillonella, Streptococcus and Corynebacterium were more abundant in healthy urines. However, due to the limited number of participants additional studies are needed to determine if urinary microbiome is associated with bladder cancer.
A major unresolved question in microbiome research is whether the complex taxonomic architectures observed in surveys of natural communities can be explained and predicted by fundamental, ...quantitative principles. Bridging theory and experiment is hampered by the multiplicity of ecological processes that simultaneously affect community assembly in natural ecosystems. We addressed this challenge by monitoring the assembly of hundreds of soil- and plant-derived microbiomes in well-controlled minimal synthetic media. Both the community-level function and the coarse-grained taxonomy of the resulting communities are highly predictable and governed by nutrient availability, despite substantial species variability. By generalizing classical ecological models to include widespread nonspecific cross-feeding, we show that these features are all emergent properties of the assembly of large microbial communities, explaining their ubiquity in natural microbiomes.
Zusammenfassung
Verfügbarkeit, Wirkung und Verträglichkeit von Inhaltsstoffen kosmetischer Präparate und topisch‐pharmazeutischer Zubereitungen spiegeln die Kooperation von Epidermis und Mikrobiom ...der Haut wider. Physiologische Komponenten in angemessenen Dosierungen bieten daher die beste Voraussetzung für nebenwirkungsfreie (Langzeit‐)Anwendungen.
Wasser enthaltende Hautpflegemittel, dazu gehören unter anderem Öl‐in‐Wasser‐ (O/W) und Wasser‐in‐Öl‐ (W/O) Emulsionen, erfordern Hilfsstoffe, um die mikrobiologische, physikalische und chemische Stabilität der Produkte sicherzustellen. Hilfsstoffe belasten sowohl Haut als auch Mikrobiom. Wasserfreie Oleogele aus physiologisch kompatiblen und biologisch abbaubaren Komponenten kommen weitgehend ohne Hilfsstoffe aus. Phosphatidylserin, ein physiologischer Bestandteil pflanzlicher und humaner Zellmembranen, ist für die Mikrobiom‐kompatible kosmetische und indikationsbegleitende Hautpflege geeignet.
Summary
Skin care is currently experiencing two developments. On the one hand, there is a move away from skin‐affecting additives and an increasing use of physiological ingredients, i.e., substances that are natural to the body or are metabolised by the body without side effects. On the other hand, special attention is being paid to the harmonisation of the individual substances and the overall compositions with the skin microbiome. Phosphatidylserine – a component from the group of phospholipids that has been known for a long time – is establishing itself in skin care and does justice to both developments.
Wohin bewegt sich die Hautpflege in der Zukunft? Vor dem Hintergrund der Eigenschaften eines kosmetischen Wirkstoffs aus der Gruppe der Phospholipide werden die wesentlichen Aspekte erläutert.
Increasing agricultural productivity is critical to feed the ever-growing human population. Being linked intimately to plant health, growth and productivity, harnessing the plant microbiome is ...considered a potentially viable approach for the next green revolution, in an environmentally sustainable way. In recent years, our understanding of drivers, roles, mechanisms, along with knowledge to manipulate the plant microbiome, have significantly advanced. Yet, translating this knowledge to expand farm productivity and sustainability requires the development of solutions for a number of technological and logistic challenges. In this article, we propose new and emerging strategies to improve the survival and activity of microbial inoculants, including using selected indigenous microbes and optimising microbial delivery methods, as well as modern gene editing tools to engineer microbial inoculants. In addition, we identify multiple biochemical and molecular mechanisms and/approaches which can be exploited for microbiome engineering in situ to optimise plant-microbiome interactions for improved farm yields. These novel biotechnological approaches can provide effective tools to attract and maintain activities of crop beneficial microbiota that increase crop performance in terms of nutrient acquisition, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, resulting in an increased agricultural productivity and sustainability.
Inflammatory bowel diseases, which include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, affect several million individuals worldwide. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are complex diseases that are ...heterogeneous at the clinical, immunological, molecular, genetic, and microbial levels. Individual contributing factors have been the focus of extensive research. As part of the Integrative Human Microbiome Project (HMP2 or iHMP), we followed 132 subjects for one year each to generate integrated longitudinal molecular profiles of host and microbial activity during disease (up to 24 time points each; in total 2,965 stool, biopsy, and blood specimens). Here we present the results, which provide a comprehensive view of functional dysbiosis in the gut microbiome during inflammatory bowel disease activity. We demonstrate a characteristic increase in facultative anaerobes at the expense of obligate anaerobes, as well as molecular disruptions in microbial transcription (for example, among clostridia), metabolite pools (acylcarnitines, bile acids, and short-chain fatty acids), and levels of antibodies in host serum. Periods of disease activity were also marked by increases in temporal variability, with characteristic taxonomic, functional, and biochemical shifts. Finally, integrative analysis identified microbial, biochemical, and host factors central to this dysregulation. The study's infrastructure resources, results, and data, which are available through the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Multi'omics Database ( http://ibdmdb.org ), provide the most comprehensive description to date of host and microbial activities in inflammatory bowel diseases.
No studies have investigated the influence of ethnicity in a multi-ethnic middle-income country with a long-standing history of co-habitation. Stool samples from 214 Malaysian community members (46 ...Malay, 65 Chinese, 49 Indian, and 54 Jakun) were collected. The gut microbiota of the participants was investigated using 16S amplicon sequencing. Ethnicity exhibited the largest effect size across participants (PERMANOVA Pseudo-F = 4.24, R
= 0.06, p = 0.001). Notably, the influence of ethnicity on the gut microbiota was retained even after controlling for all demographic, dietary factors and other covariates which were significantly associated with the gut microbiome (PERMANOVA Pseudo-F = 1.67, R
= 0.02, p = 0.002). Our result suggested that lifestyle, dietary, and uncharacterized differences collectively drive the gut microbiota variation across ethnicity, making ethnicity a reliable proxy for both identified and unidentified lifestyle and dietary variation across ethnic groups from the same community.
Oral delivery of peptide therapeutics as a convenient alternate to injections has been an area of research for the pharmaceutical scientific community for the last several decades. However, systemic ...delivery of therapeutic peptides via the oral route has been a daunting task due to the low pH denaturation of the peptides in the stomach, enzymatic instability, and poor transport across the tight junctions resulting in very low bioavailability. The low bioavailability is accompanied by large intra- and inter-subject variability leading to translational issues, preventing the development of successful peptide therapeutics. The inter-subject variability leads to large differences in pharmacologic responses in individuals and thus the dose required to produce therapeutic effect could vary between individuals making the development of drug product a very difficult task. A substantial amount of research has been (and continues to be) performed with a focus on getting acceptable absorption and reproducible results. Nonetheless, the high variability and low bioavailability during oral administration of peptides is still a work in progress and under-explored in a systematic way. While there are several review articles and scattered publications that discuss potential technologies for oral peptide delivery, a detailed look into the physiological challenges and absorption barriers which are a hindrance to successful clinical translation, is lacking. Herein, we have analyzed the physiological barriers within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that are the root causes for the low bioavailability and high variability of oral delivery of peptides in humans. In particular, we have taken a detailed look at the key influencing factors such as the nature of various GI tract parameters, components of the GI tract that influences the uptake, site of absorption, pH of the gastric and intestinal compartments, food effect, and role of peptidases in affecting oral peptide absorption. Lack of in vitro - in vivo correlations and variability in animal models have also been highlighted as key impediments in understanding the challenges. The unique perspective presented herein for overcoming the physiological absorption barriers, will offer better developability approaches and will positively impact clinical translation of future oral peptide therapeutics. A deep understanding of these effects are vital, given the emergence of microbiome and oral biologic drug delivery that are fast emerging as the next wave of personalized patient centric therapies.
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Emerging evidence has spurred a considerable evolution of concepts relating to atherosclerosis, and has called into question many previous notions. Here I review this evidence, and discuss its ...implications for understanding of atherosclerosis. The risk of developing atherosclerosis is no longer concentrated in Western countries, and it is instead involved in the majority of deaths worldwide. Atherosclerosis now affects younger people, and more women and individuals from a diverse range of ethnic backgrounds, than was formerly the case. The risk factor profile has shifted as levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, blood pressure and smoking have decreased. Recent research has challenged the protective effects of high-density lipoprotein, and now focuses on triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in addition to low-density lipoprotein as causal in atherosclerosis. Non-traditional drivers of atherosclerosis-such as disturbed sleep, physical inactivity, the microbiome, air pollution and environmental stress-have also gained attention. Inflammatory pathways and leukocytes link traditional and emerging risk factors alike to the altered behaviour of arterial wall cells. Probing the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has highlighted the role of the bone marrow: somatic mutations in stem cells can cause clonal haematopoiesis, which represents a previously unrecognized but common and potent age-related contributor to the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Characterizations of the mechanisms that underpin thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis have evolved beyond the 'vulnerable plaque' concept. These advances in our understanding of the biology of atherosclerosis have opened avenues to therapeutic interventions that promise to improve the prevention and treatment of now-ubiquitous atherosclerotic diseases.
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