Onečišćenje mora mikroplastikom jedan je od najvećih ekoloških problema današnjice. Izvori onečišćenja mora mogu biti primarni i sekundarni. Međutim, neovisno o izvorima onečišćenja, nijedno more ...nije pošteđeno mikroplastike, što znači da su ovim invazivnim načinom onečišćenja okoliša, ponajprije pogođena morska flora i fauna. Ni Jadransko more nije pošteđeno. Republika Hrvatska kao i druge države članice EU-a dužna je implementirati direktive i zakone Europske unije koji se tiču mikroplastike. Upravo ovaj gorući ekološki problem bit će tema ovoga rada. Osim izvora onečišćenja, u radu ću se osvrnuti i na načine njegove prevencije te na (ne)uspješnost postojećih regulatornih okvira o tome.
Akumulacija mikroplastike (MP) u okolišu i kontaminacija prehrambenih proizvoda ovim zagađivačem postala je globalna prijetnja i okolišu i zdravlju ljudi. Trenutačno, zabrinutost vezana uz prisustvo ...MP u okolišu uključuje ulogu MP kao izvora i finalnog depoa za otrovne kemikalije i patogene mikroorganizme uz bioakumulaciju i potencijalni ulazak u prehrambeni lanac. Najveći dio potrošnje plastike odnosi se na proizvodnju ambalažnih materijala, uključujući i one koji se primjenjuju u prehrambenoj industriji, a ljudi često pohranjuju, prenose, pripremaju i konzumiraju hranu u plastičnim posudama. Ovaj rad daje pregled spoznaja o pojavnosti MP u prehrambenom lancu i naglašava njenu ulogu kao vektora raznih onečiščujućih tvari i mikroorganizama. Nadalje jedan od ciljeva rada je ukazati na mogući utjecaj oslobađanja MP iz plastičnih ambalažnih materijala u hranu i piće te na potencijalne negativne posljedice po ljudsko zdravlje. Temeljem pregleda recentnih znanstvenih studija proizlazi kako se istraživanja utjecaja MP na prehrambeni lanac, a posebno utjecaja na zdravlje ljudi, trebaju još više intenzivirati i produbiti. Smjernice za ublažavanje njenih potencijalnih negativnih utjecaja uključuju analizu rizika i uvođenje prehrambenih preporuka za visokorizične namirnice s većim udjelom ovog značajnog zagađivača hrane te primjenu alternativnih ambalažnih materijala u pakiranju hrane i pića.
The incidence of microplastics in the food chain and its impact on human healthThe accumulation of microplastics (MP) in the environment and its contamination of food products has become a global threat to living organisms, environment and human health. Currently, the main concerns related to MP in the environment include its role as a source and final depot for toxic chemicals and pathogenic microorganisms in addition to bioaccumulation and potential entry into the food chain. Most of the plastics is used for the production of packaging materials, including those used in the food industry, and people most often store, transport, prepare and consume food in plastic containers. This paper provides an overview of the knowledge about the occurrence of MP in the human food chain and emphasizes its role as a vector of various contaminants and microorganisms. Furthermore, one of the objectives of the paper is to point out the possible effects of the release of MP from plastic packaging materials in food and beverages and the potential consequences for human health. The results presented suggest that the effect of MP on the food chain, and especially its impact on human health, need to be addressed much more intensively. A good tool to mitigate the potential negative impacts of MP in food would be risk analysis and the subsequent introduction of nutritional recommendations for highrisk food with its higher content and the use of alternative packaging materials in food and beverage packaging.
Das Vorkommen von Mikroplastik in der Nahrungskette und seine Auswirkungen auf die menschliche GesundheitDie Anhäufung von Mikroplastik (MP) in der Umwelt und die Verunreinigung von Lebensmitteln ist zu einer globalen Bedrohung für lebende Organismen, die Umwelt und die menschliche Gesundheit geworden. Zu den Hauptproblemen im Zusammenhang mit Mikroplastik in der Umwelt gehören derzeit seine Rolle als Quelle und Depot für toxische Chemikalien und pathogene Mikroorganismen sowie seine Bioakkumulation und sein potenzieller Eintritt in die Nahrungskette. Der größte Teil der Kunststoffe wird für die Herstellung von Verpackungsmaterialien verwendet, auch in der Lebensmittelindustrie, und die meisten Menschen lagern, transportieren, bereiten und verzehren Lebensmittel in Kunststoffbehältern. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die Erkenntnisse in Bezug auf das Vorkommen von Mikroplastik in der menschlichen Nahrungskette und hebt seine Rolle als Vektor für verschiedene Schadstoffe und Mikroorganismen hervor. Darüber hinaus besteht eines der Ziele des Artikels darin, die möglichen Auswirkungen der Freisetzung von Mikroplastik aus Kunststoffverpackungsmaterialien in Lebensmitteln und Getränken und die potenziellen Folgen für die menschliche Gesundheit aufzuzeigen. Die vorgestellten Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Auswirkungen von Mikroplastik auf die Nahrungskette und insbesondere die Auswirkungen auf die menschliche Gesundheit viel intensiver untersucht werden müssen. Ein gutes Instrument zur Abschwächung der potenziellen negativen Auswirkungen von Mikroplastik in Lebensmitteln wäre eine Risikoanalyse und die anschließende Einführung von Ernährungsempfehlungen für Lebensmittel mit hohem Risiko, die einen höheren Gehalt aufweisen, sowie die Verwendung alternativer Verpackungsmaterialien bei der Verpackung von Lebensmitteln und Getränken.
La incidencia de los microplásticos en la cadena alimentaria y su impacto en la salud humanaLa acumulación de microplásticos (MP) en el medio ambiente y la contaminación de productos alimenticios con este contaminante se ha convertido en una amenaza global tanto para el medio ambiente como para la salud humana. Actualmente, las preocupaciones sobre la presencia del MP en el medio ambiente incluyen el papel del MP como el fuente y el depósito final de sustancias químicas tóxicas y de los microorganismos patógenos, con bioacumulación e intrusión potencial en la cadena alimentaria. La mayor parte del consumo de plásticos está relacionado con la producción de materiales de embalaje, incluidos los utilizados en la industria alimentaria y la mayoría de las personas almacenan, transportan, preparan y consumen alimentos en recipientes de plástico. Este trabajo proporciona una descripción general de los hallazgos sobre la ocurrencia del MP en la cadena alimentaria y destaca su papel como vector de diversos contaminantes y microorganismos. Además, uno de los objetivos del artículo es señalar posibles efectos de la liberación de los MP de los materiales plásticos de embalaje en alimentos y bebidas y las posibles consecuencias negativas para la salud humana. Los resultados presentados sugieren que las investigaciones sobre los efectos de los MP en la cadena alimentaria, y especialmente su impacto en la salud humana, deben intensificarse y profundizar aún más. Las pautas para mitigar sus posibles impactos negativos incluyen el análisis de riesgos y la introducción de recomendaciones dietéticas para alimentos de alto riesgo con una mayor proporción de este importante contaminante alimentario, y el uso de materiales de envasado alternativos en los envases de alimentos y bebidas.
Incidenza della microplastica nella catena alimentare e suo impatto sulla salute umanaL’accumulo della microplastica (MP) nell’ambiente e la contaminazione dei prodotti alimentari con quest’agente inquinante sono diventati un pericolo globale sia per l’ambiente, sia per la salute. Attualmente, la preoccupazione legata alla presenza della MP nell’ambiente comprende anche il ruolo della MP come fonte e deposito finale degli agenti chimici tossici e dei microrganismi patogeni, oltre al bioaccumulo e al potenziale ingresso nella catena alimentare. La maggior parte del consumo di plastica attiene alla produzione di materiali d’imballaggio, compresi quelli che si utilizzano nell’industria alimentare, mentre la gente ha l’abitudine di conservare, trasportare, preparare e consumare il cibo in recipienti di plastica. Questo studio dà un quadro dell’incidenza della MP nella catena alimentare e sottolinea il suo ruolo come vettore di varie sostanze e microrganismi inquinanti. Uno degli obiettivi dello studio consiste anche nel denunciare il possibile impatto della liberazione di MP proveniente dagli imballaggi in plastica nel cibo e nelle bevande e le potenziali conseguenze negative per la salute umana. Da una panoramica degli studi scientifici recentemente condotti discende la necessità che le ricerche sull’impatto della MP sulla catena alimentare e, in particolare, sulla salute umana vadano intensificate e approfondite. Le indicazioni per mitigare il suo potenziale impatto negativo comprendono l’analisi del rischio e l’introduzione di raccomandazioni alimentari per gli alimenti ad alto rischio con maggior percentuale di questo pericoloso agente inquinante alimentare e l’applicazione di materiali d’imballaggio alternativi nel confezionamento del cibo e delle bevande
The potential threats of microplastics to global health are a new problem. However, little is known about the influence of microplastics on soil organisms. Here, we investigated the effects of ...low-density polyethylene (LDPE, < 400 μm) on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) under different concentrations (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 g/kg dry) with three replicates in artificial soil. Results showed that surface damage of earthworms was observed at the concentration of 1.5 g/kg LDPE after exposure 28 days. The microplastics were ingested in a dose-response manner. Smaller sizes of LDPE microplastics were found in the casts of E. fetida, and approximately 30% of the microplastics egested (size < 100 μm) were increased compared with initial microplastics in the soil. The catalase activity and malondialdehyde content increased significantly at the concentration of 1.0 g/kg LDPE after exposure 28 days, and acetylcholine esterase was significantly stimulated at concentrations of 1.5 and 1.0 g/kg LDPE on days 21 and 28, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate the potential risk of LDPE microplastics to E. fetida and may provide a reference for the impact of microplastics on terrestrial creatures.
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•The effects of low-density polyethylene on earthworms were investigated.•This is the first report about the effects of low-density polyethylene on earthworms.•The results showed the potential risk of LDPE microplastics to E. fetida.•The study can provide a reference for the impact of microplastics on terrestrial creatures.
Salah satu cara yang digunakan di Indonesia dalam menanggulangi berlimpahnya jumlah sampah plastik di lingkungan perairan adalah dengan menggantikan kantong plastik berbahan polimer polietilen (PE) ...dengan plastik oxodegradable yang disebut oxium. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk melihat pengaruh mikroplastik polietilen jenis HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) dengan plastic oxodegradable oxium. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan mikroalga Tetraselmis chuii sebagai mikroorganisme yang akan mendapat perlakuan mikroplastik dengan konsentrasi yang berbeda. Dari Hasil pengukuran optical density untuk menentukan laju pertumbuhan mikroalga Tetraselmis Chuii menunjukkan bahwa laju pertumbuhan Tetraselmis dengan perlakuan mikroplastik polietilen mengalami penurunan yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan mikroplastik oxium. Konsentrasi mikroplastik ikut berperan dalam menentukan laju pertumbuhan Tetraselmis chuii di mana pada perlakuan mikroplastik oxium terjadi penurunan hingga 37,66% pada konsentrasi mikroplastik 300mg/500mL dan 81,70% pada perlakuan mikroplastik polietilen dengan konsentrasi 200mg/500mL. Mikroplastik polietilen dan oxium memberikan dampak negatif pada organisme tingkat rendah disebabkan oleh kemampuannya dalam melepas bahan aditif yang bersifat toksik sehingga diperlukan solusi yang lebih baik untuk menggantikan fungsi plastik dengan bahan yang lebih ramah bagi lingkungan hidup. ABSTRACT One of the methods used in Indonesia in tackling the abundance of plastic waste in the aquatic environment is to replace plastic bags made of polyethylene (PE) polymer with oxodegradable plastic called oxium. This research was conducted with the aim of examining the effect of HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) microplastic polyethylene with oxodegradable oxium plastic. The research was conducted using the microalgae Tetraselmis chuii as microorganisms that will receive microplastic treatment with different concentrations. From the results of optical density measurements to determine the growth rate of Tetraselmis chuii microalgae, it was shown that the growth rate of Tetraselmis with polyethylene microplastics treatment decreased significantly compared to oxium microplastics. The concentration of microplastics played a role in determining the growth rate of Tetraselmis chuii where in the oxium microplastic treatment there was a decrease of up to 37.66% at the microplastic concentration of 300mg/500mL and 81.70% at the polyethylene microplastic treatment with a concentration of 200mg/500mL. Polyethylene and oxyum microplastics have a negative impact on low-level organisms due to their ability to release toxic additives so that better solutions are needed to replace the function of plastics with materials that are more environmentally friendly.
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