Background: A medical teacher as a healthy role-model has a critical role in supporting health promotion effectiveness in medical school. However, an instrument to measure the characteristics of the ...medical teacher as a healthy role-models is unavailable. This study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire to evaluate these characteristics by analyzing a model from previous grounded theory.Methods: A total of 442 medical teachers at the Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, were invited to participate. We used hierarchical component models (HCMs) to develop our path model. A partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) were then used to analyze this model.Results: Twenty-six items from seven constructs supports our model. The construct of socially healthy (SH) has the most substantial effect on constructing healthy people's characteristics (H). The constructs of healthy role-models (HRM) in medical schools are mainly influenced by healthy people characteristic (H).Conclusion: A questionnaire with 26 items grouped in these seven constructs showed good reliability and validity. Seven constructs have relevance to the characteristics of a healthy role-model in the medical school model.
Global land surface air temperature data show that in the past 50 years, the rate of nighttime warming has been much faster than that of daytime, with the minimum daily temperature (Tmin) increasing ...about 40% faster than the maximum daily temperature (Tmax), resulting in a decreased diurnal temperature difference. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is known as the "roof of the world", where temperatures have risen twice as fast as the global average warming rate in the last few decades. The factors affecting vegetation growth on the QTP are complex and still not fully understood to some extent. Previous studies paid less attention to the explanations of the complicated interactions and pathways between elements that influence vegetation growth, such as climate (especially asymmetric warming) and topography. In this study, we characterized the spatial and temporal trends of vegetation coverage and investigated the response of vegetation dynamics to asymmetric warming and topography in the QTP during 2001–2020 using trend analysis, partial correlation analysis, and partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) analysis. We found that from 2001 to 2020, the entire QTP demonstrated a greening trend in the growing season (April to October) at a rate of 0.0006/a (p < 0.05). The spatial distribution pattern of partial correlation between NDVI and Tmax differed from that of NDVI and Tmin. PLS-SEM results indicated that asymmetric warming (both Tmax and Tmin) had a consistent effect on vegetation development by directly promoting greening in the QTP, with NDVI values being more sensitive to Tmin, while topographic factors, especially elevation, mainly played an indirect role in influencing vegetation growth by affecting climate change. This study offers new insights into how vegetation responds to asymmetric warming and references for local ecological preservation.
•During 2001–2020, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) showed an overall vegetation greening trend, while warming and wetting meteorological trends.•Tmin increased faster than Tmax, with opposing spatial correlation patterns with NDVI being displayed.•Tmax and Tmin both promote vegetation growth.•Vegetation dynamics were directly improved by asymmetric warming, with being more sensitive to Tmin than Tmax.
Virtual water flows of grain between regions in China. Note: The left side is the grain virtual water export provinces, and the right side is the grain virtual water import provinces. Different ...colors represent different provinces, and the width of lines represents the relative proportion of virtual water flow.
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•Imbalance between grain supply and demand triggers grain virtual water flows (VWFs).•Driving of socio-economic factors on VWFs is evaluated by using structural equation model.•There is a significant causal structure between socio-economic factors and VWFs.•Virtual water trade exerts great pressure on water resources in grain export area.•Current VWFs pattern is unsustainable due to water scarcity and economic imbalance.
Changes in the patterns of regional economic and social development will affect regional agricultural and industrial structures, thereby affecting grain cultivation patterns. Imbalances between the grain supply and demand will trigger interregional grain flow. Grain is a water-intensive product, and virtual water embedded in grain products flows between regions, which will affect the utilization and distribution of regional water resources. This study evaluated the impacts of socio-economic factors on regional grain virtual water flows by using the partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM). Results show that grain production centers in China are being transferred to the northern regions due to the evolution of economic patterns over the past 30 years. Driven by the imbalance between the regional grain supply and demand, the virtual water flow patterns of grain shows a tendency to flow from the northern and western provinces to the southern and eastern provinces. Results of structural equation modeling show that there is a significant causal structure between socio-economic factors and grain virtual water flows. The study indicates that the regional socio-economic pattern and its evolution will affect the grain virtual flow patterns. Consequently, virtual water flows will exert great pressure on water resources in the virtual water export areas, and the expansion of the virtual water export will increase the difficulty of regional water resources systems in supporting regional social and economic sustainable development and grain production, thus posing a potential challenge to China's water resources and grain security.
In an era where farmers face considerable levels of intertwined risks and uncertainties, farm resilience is developing into a focal point for agricultural policies. Using survey data from 916 Dutch ...farmers, we explore how risk behavior relates to perceived resilience. We capture the dynamics of resilience thinking by investigating past risk-management portfolios, current risk preferences, future risk perceptions, and perceived resilience. Partial least squares structural equation models (PLS-SEM) indicate that higher perceived robustness, adaptability, and transformability relate to these farmers with a more resilient future. Additionally, results show the importance of risk management in assessing perceived resilience. More specifically, we find that more diverse risk-management portfolios are associated with (i) higher perceived adaptability and (ii) in specific cases, higher perceived transformability.
The theory of water poverty has undergone extensive development since it was first proposed, but there are still deficiencies in its definition and evaluation at the micro-subject level as well as ...the research of endogenous drivers analysis. In this regard, this paper takes the main body of micro farmers as the research object, and makes use of 603 micro farmers’ data in Shaanxi and Ningxia, China in order to carry out the measurement of farmers’ water poverty and its endogenous drivers analysis. First, we define the concept of farmers’ water poverty at the micro-scale, and propose a farmers’ water poverty index (
FWPI
) applicable to the evaluation of micro-level subjects and measure it. Then, an empirical analysis of the endogenous driving paths of farmers’ water poverty is conducted by constructing a partial least square structural equation model (PLS-SEM) with reference to the Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) causality model. All of the pertinent theoretical hypotheses put forward in this study were found to pass the test well. In this regard, the study reveals in detail the specific pathways of the drivers of farmers’ water poverty. It also discovers that the drivers’ impacts on the status of farmers’ water poverty vary, with the effects produced by
P_Resource
and
D_Capacity
being prominent. Finally, the study provides countermeasures as well as suggestions for improving the theory of water poverty and alleviating farmers’ water poverty from an endogenous driver standpoint.
This study develops a theoretical model to investigate the impact of smart tourism technologies (STTs) on visitors' revisit intention using the stimulus-organism-response theory. Moreover, the ...moderating effects of technology readiness on the relationships among STTs, visitor engagement and memorable tourism experiences (MTEs) are further examined. The results revealed that visitor engagement and MTEs significantly mediate the relationship between STTs and visitors' revisit intention. Moreover, negative technology readiness negatively moderates the relationship between STTs and visitor engagement. The findings suggest that to enhance tourists' MTEs and revisit rate, destination marketers should reduce travelers' discomfort with and insecurity about STTs.
Residential photovoltaics (PV) presents an effective means of achieving low-carbon development, owing to its installation flexibility and resource-saving properties. To explore the residents' ...behavioral intentions to purchase and install residential PV systems, this study collected 1424 samples and analyze the impact of different policies on residents' adoption of residential PV using the theory of TPB and the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM). The main conclusions are summarized as follows: (1) Bungalow residents exhibit a stronger inclination to install residential PV than building residents. (2) Perceived reward (PR) affects installation intention (II) more than perceived guide (PG) among bungalow residents. (3) Both PR and PG indirectly affect II through Perceived behavioral control (PBC) among bungalow residents. Economic policies, represented by PR, are likely to have more substantial indirect effects than propaganda and guidance policies. The findings suggest that China's recent residential PV installation policies should increase users' trust and guide the future decline of subsidy policy.
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•We analyze residents' intentions to install photovoltaic (PV) systems in China.•The adoption of residential PV is influenced by the government's subsidy policy.•Property rights for buildings and bungalows also affect PV systems' installation.•China's residential PV installation policies should increase users' trust.•Future policies should aim at decreasing the reliance on subsidy policy.
In recent years, an increasing number of school-age children and adult learners are flocking to e-learning platforms or mobile Apps for personal or professional development. This research compared ...two studies that were built upon the constructivism model to investigate the parents, whose children are studying or have recently studied online, and also the adult learners' satisfaction, perceived learning outcomes, and recommendations towards Educational Key Opinion Leaders (Edu-KOLs). A two-phase study was designed specifically for both studies. We adopted the quantitative research approach using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) to interpret the collected data. The findings revealed that for both learning cohorts, Edu-KOLs' knowledge level and course content has a significant influence on learners' perceived learning outcomes and customer advocacy and that higher engagement and interaction levels are favourably associated with their perception of Edu-KOLs. However, the e-learning platform played a positive role in selecting Edu-KOLs for parents but was not significant for adult learners. Perceived outcomes are critical for adult learners, whereas parents are satisfied as long as children are engaged, regardless of what they have learned.
Spatial data infrastructures (SDIs) have been implemented for the last four decades in most countries. One of the key objectives of SDIs is to ensure the quick availability and accessibility of ...spatial data. The success of SDI depends on the underlying spatial datasets. Many developing countries such as Pakistan are facing problems in implementing SDI because of the unavailability of spatial data. Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) is an alternate source for obtaining spatial data. Therefore, the question is what factors hamper the adoption of VGI for making it part of SDI in Pakistan. The intention behind this paper is to explore such factors as the key research question. To do so, we make use of the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework along with the partial least square structural equation model (PLS-SEM) to empirically analyze the factors impeding VGI from becoming part of SDI in the country. The study concludes that many technical, organizational, and environmental factors affect the adoption of VGI to be part of SDI in Pakistan.
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