A pandemia de Covid-19 impôs uma mudança radical nas práticas quotidianas. Algumas dessas novas práticas destacaram-se, por reduzirem o impacto ambiental da atividade humana, e muitos teóricos ...viram-nas como uma oportunidade para a construção de "novas normalidades", mais justas e sustentáveis. Percebeu-se a capacidade das sociedades contemporâneas de realizarem mudanças radicais nas práticas, quando os esforços e recursos são orquestrados nessa direção. No entanto, após três anos desde o início da pandemia vemos um gradual retorno à normalidade. Este artigo indica como as teorias das práticas sociais nos podem ajudar a entender a estabilidade das práticas sociais em trajetórias insustentáveis e as possibilidades de transformação na direção da sustentabilidade.
Este trabalho analisa as exclusões produzidas pela justiça criminal na sociedade contemporânea, a partir de sua característica fundamental: a diferenciação funcional. A diferenciação funcional ou o ...surgimento de sistemas parciais, dotados de uma específica função, é uma decorrência sociológica da própria evolução da sociedade. São os subsistemas parciais, as organizações e o Estado, as instituições e órgãos encarregadas da ordenação da vida social. Logo, cumpre às organizações do sistema penal e sua burocracia a função de conter a violência e a criminalidade. Na perspectiva do presente estudo, sob os influxos da diferenciação funcional, intensificam-se os processos de exclusão e invisibilidade social, pois, na atualidade, já não se conta com a função mediadora da inclusão do Estado nacional. Conclui-se que o sistema da justiça penal, por vezes, seguindo orientações informais de cor, raça, classe social, intensifica os processos de exclusão, afastando-se da própria legalidade e negando reconhecimento a certos coletivos sociais. Cuida-se de pesquisa bibliográfica, desenvolvida com base no método dedutivo.
Rewild Your Inner Hunter-Gatherer Lavi, Noa; Rudge, Alice; Warren, Graeme
Current anthropology,
02/2024, Volume:
65, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
We examine how hunter-gatherers are imagined in popular debate in Britain and Ireland, demonstrating that aspects of hunter-gatherer lifestyles are presented as both the antithesis and antidote to ...perceived crises in contemporary society. We apply an anthropological lens to four areas of popular discourse: physical health, mental health, bushcraft, and survivalism. We identify how the imagined hunter-gatherer in these debates is constructed through processes of commodification that often reveal nostalgic colonial values regarding “human nature.” This repeats and sustains damaging perceptions of hunter-gatherer lifeways. It also highlights how archaeological, anthropological, and other academic research on hunter-gatherers is manifest in popular debates that reinforce assumptions about human nature and the significance of our evolutionary past within a neoliberal, colonialist context.
UNESCO defines intangible cultural heritage (ICH), in contrast to conservation-oriented models, as “living” and as playing a dynamic role in contemporary society, thus bringing to the fore a ...controversial entanglement with the market. On the basis of multilevel and multipositioned participant observation of the ICH global governance apparatus, I focus on displays of embarrassment (and preventive prudishness) triggered by this entanglement among actors with normative agency in the implementation of the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the ICH. In shedding light on their disorientation vis-à-vis the intrinsic commercial dimension of cultural practices recognized as ICH, I highlight the role of affects and emotions in UNESCO’s lifeworld. Distress triggered by the violation of assimilated cultural codes defining heritage as inalienable reveals the cultural intimacy that binds a transnational epistemic community of heritage professionals. Challenging UNESCO’s polished self-representation as a dispassionate, rational bureaucracy, I consider the major international clearing house for heritage policies as a social world with its own affective life. I argue that these affects have a performative influence on the practice of heritage making, despite official, rationalizing narratives such as that of “good” versus “bad” commercialization.
Making Sense of Culture Patterson, Orlando
Annual review of sociology,
01/2014, Volume:
40, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
I present a brief review of problems in the sociological study of culture, followed by an integrated, interdisciplinary view of culture that eschews extreme contextualism and other orthodoxies. ...Culture is defined as the conjugate product of two reciprocal, componential processes. The first is a dynamically stable process of collectively made, reproduced, and unevenly shared knowledge structures that are informational and meaningful, internally embodied, and externally represented and that provide predictability, coordination equilibria, continuity, and meaning in human actions and interactions. The second is a pragmatic component of culture that grounds the first, and it has its own rules of usage and a pragmatically derived structure of practical knowledge. I also offer an account of change and draw on knowledge activation theory in exploring the microdynamics of cultural practice and propose the concept of cultural configuration as a better way of studying cultural practice in highly heterogeneous modern societies where people shift between multiple, overlapping configurations.
This article purposes to analyze and discuss the Hamka's neo-Sufism idea. It is related and contextualized to various problems that emerge in modern society, especially capitalistic ...industrialization, and hedonistic culture. This article states that Hamka's neo-Sufism aims to find true happiness and transcendence (ma’rifatullah). Through the practice of Hamka's neo-Sufism, it will protect a Muslim from all temptations for the interests of the accumulation of wealth and the pleasures of worldly life. Neo-Sufism persistently strengthens the spiritual quality of a Muslim, making one always aware of when dealing with changing life contexts.
In our research, we compared the era, etymology, versions of lament songs, one of the unique monuments of the Kyrgyz people spiritual culture in field materials collected from people, and lament ...songs in literature, because the status of lamentation has been losing its meaning in modern society. The problem is considered and analyzed on the basis of ethnographic field materials and manuscripts collected from informants, as well as the traditional genre of lamentation for historical figures from the 19th to early 20th centuries. It tells about historical activities who fought for the people freedom, the Kyrgyz statehood against the Kokand policy of the Kokand Kingdom and the Russian Empire. The author's personal views and scientific analysis are also presented as separate conclusions at the end of the article.
Health literacy concerns the capacities of people to meet the complex demands of health in modern society. In spite of the growing attention for the concept among European health policymakers, ...researchers and practitioners, information about the status of health literacy in Europe remains scarce. This article presents selected findings from the first European comparative survey on health literacy in populations.
The European health literacy survey (HLS-EU) was conducted in eight countries: Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland and Spain (n = 1000 per country, n = 8000 total sample). Data collection was based on Eurobarometer standards and the implementation of the HLS-EU-Q (questionnaire) in computer-assisted or paper-assisted personal interviews.
The HLS-EU-Q constructed four levels of health literacy: insufficient, problematic, sufficient and excellent. At least 1 in 10 (12%) respondents showed insufficient health literacy and almost 1 in 2 (47%) had limited (insufficient or problematic) health literacy. However, the distribution of levels differed substantially across countries (29-62%). Subgroups within the population, defined by financial deprivation, low social status, low education or old age, had higher proportions of people with limited health literacy, suggesting the presence of a social gradient which was also confirmed by raw bivariate correlations and a multivariate linear regression model.
Limited health literacy represents an important challenge for health policies and practices across Europe, but to a different degree for different countries. The social gradient in health literacy must be taken into account when developing public health strategies to improve health equity in Europe.
Contemporary society is facing many social dilemmas-including climate change, COVID-19, and misinformation-characterized by a conflict between short-term self-interest and longer-term collective ...interest. The climate crisis requires paying costs today to reduce climate-related harms and risks that we face in the future. The COVID-19 crisis requires the less vulnerable to pay costs to benefit the more vulnerable in the face of great uncertainty. The misinformation crisis requires investing effort to assess truth and abstain from spreading attractive falsehoods. Addressing these crises requires an understanding of human cooperation. To that end, we present (
a
) an overview of mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation, including mechanisms based on similarity and interaction; (
b
) a discussion of how reputation can incentivize cooperation via conditional cooperation and signaling; and (
c
) a review of social preferences that undergird the proximate psychology of cooperation, including positive regard for others, parochialism, and egalitarianism. We discuss the three focal crises facing our society through the lens of cooperation, emphasizing how cooperation research can inform our efforts to address them.
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