The co-infection of different influenza A virus enable viral gene re-assortments especially in pigs that serve as mixing vessel with the possibility of emergence of novel subtypes. Such re-assortants ...pose serious public health threat, as epitomised by the emergence of pandemic influenza in 2009. In Nigeria, there is mixture of animal species and highly populated densities that can increase the risk of influenza virus endemicity, genetic reshuffling and emergence of future pandemic influenza viruses. Thus, this study was aimed at determining influenza virus disease burden in pigs. This study was a cross sectional molecular surveillance of influenza virus. A total of 194 pig nasal samples from reported cases and randomly sampled were collected from pig farms in Ojo and Ikorodu in Lagos State between October, 2015 and April, 2016. The samples were investigated for the presence of influenza virus matrix gene by Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction and detected by gel electrophoresis. P-values were calculated using Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. The result showed that 25 (12.9%) samples were positive for influenza A virus, out of which, 20 (80%) were samples from Ojo while 5 (20%) were samples from Ikorodu. Epidemiological parameters for the sampled locations, methods either as reported case or randomised, and sex compared were significant at 95% confidence interval. This study determined influenza viral burden in pigs with a molecular prevalence of 12.9% to influenza A. It further confirmed the sub-clinical and clinical circulation of Influenza A virus in pigs in Ojo and Ikorodu in Lagos. Therefore, the detection of influenza A virus in commercial pigs in Nigeria accentuates the importance of continuous surveillance and monitoring of the virus in order to prevent the advent of virulent strains that may spread to Pig-handlers and the community at large.
The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of eta, etb and etd genes among clinical isolates of S. aureus. 91 isolates of the bacterium were isolated from different clinical sites during ...the period from 2019 to 2020 from Baghdad hospitals, all the isolates were diagnosed by different biochemical tests and molecular method (PCR) using nuc gene. the PCR technique was used to detect eta, etb and etd genes among the isolates, the results showed that 91(100%) of the isolates were have nuc gene. while, 83 ( 91.2%) of the isolates at least carrying one of the ET genes; 20 (22%) , 0 (0%) and 63 (69.2%) of the 91 isolates expressed eta, etb and etd genes, respectively. While, 8 (8.8%) of isolates were lacking of these genes. In addition, 14 (15.4%) of isolates were carrying both eta and etd genes. Although the etd gene was found in all sample types, but eta gene was found only in wound, ear, throat and nose while, etb gene was not found in all types of clinical samples.
Microbiome plays vital role in the life. Study the microbiome of plants with great impact in the planet can provide significant information to solve many problems. Therefore, finding structural ...population of plant microbiome needs scientific approach. Revealing the specific biochemical and genetical approaches towards identification of specific population provided the growing bodies of methods and procedures to study and analysis the plant microbiomes. Thus, this mini-review paper presents the summarized of scientific methods for study, identify and structural population analysis of plant microbiome.
Rapid and accurate detection of influenza virus is critical for proper patient management. The Alere™ i Influenza A&B assay is an isothermal nucleic acid amplification test capable of detecting ...influenza A and B viruses directly from respiratory specimens. In this multicenter clinical trial conducted in the US, we evaluated the clinical performance of the Alere™ i Influenza A&B assay against that of the Prodesse ProFlu+ assay. A total of 1243 fresh, leftover nasal or nasopharyngeal swabs eluted in viral transport medium were tested by both assays. Sensitivity and specificity of the Alere™ i Influenza A&B assay were 97.8% (95% CI 94.6–99.2) and 96.6% (95% CI 95.2–97.5) for influenza A and 92.9% (95% CI 85.5–96.9) and 98.3% (95% CI 97.4–98.0) for influenza B. The Alere™ i Influenza A&B assay is an ideal molecular assay for influenza virus detection due to its high sensitivity and specificity with minimal hands-on and turn-around-time.
•Alere influenza assay is a sample-to-answer isothermal molecular assay to detect flu viruses.•Alere influenza assay is highly sensitive for Flu A (97.8%) and Flu B (92.9%) and specific for Flu A (96.6%) and Flu B (98.3%) detection•Alere influenza assay is a simple assay with minimal hands-on time and rapid result within 15–20 min.
Background & objectives: Molecular methods for malaria vector species and parasite identification have received great attention in recent years. Accurate and precise identification of the target ...species has direct medical and practical implications, such as in malaria diagnosis and vector dynamics study. Translation of molecular techniques will help in evaluation of epidemiological and entomological profile of malaria even in highly inaccessible areas where there is lack of an expert microscopist or entomologist.
Methods: In the present study, we have developed a simple yet accurate molecular tool for malaria diagnosis as well as for malaria vector studies. We have standardized, simplified and improvised the DNA isolation (using Chelex; a cationic exchanger), its storage and multiplex PCR for parasite detection from dried blood spot (DBS) filter paper as well as malaria vector identification and infection status study.
Results: The chelex-PCR based molecular method was highly sensitive (sensitivity >90%) and specific (specificity >80%) for parasite detection as well as vector species identification. This method has proven readily adaptable for use in the clinical diagnostic/research laboratory for epidemiological investigation and vector dynamics study that can challenge the conventional gold standard approach such as microscopy/ morphological methods not only in response to accuracy but also in relation to cost, time and technical expertise.
Interpretation & conclusion: Transfer of this molecular technology from laboratory to field condition is highly essential for its availability to the common public rather than being restricted to only academic research. This can be achieved by implementation of the technology in terms of conducting mass training and awareness programs in various resource-limited endemic zones for the purpose of malaria elimination.
North African ungulates include several threatened and emblematic species, yet are poorly studied mainly due to their remoteness and elusiveness. Noninvasive sampling provides a useful approach to ...obtain ecological and genetic information essential to guide conservation actions. The very first and most important step in conservation planning is to accurately identify species, and molecular genetics has been proved to be a useful tool. Several molecular genetics protocols are available for species identification, even for samples with poor quality DNA, such as faeces, hairs or bones. Most of these protocols use mitochondrial DNA for barcoding despite this marker being especially prone to problems, including mtDNA introgression, nuclear insert copies, high intraspecific diversity or heteroplasmy. In this work, we developed a molecular method based on polymorphisms in small fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb, mtDNA) and the nuclear kappa casein genes (KCAS, nDNA) for identifying endangered North African ungulates. These fragments revealed polymorphisms, including species‐specific variation, which allowed species identification of nine ungulate species that co‐occur in North Africa. The method was validated across more than 400 samples, including different types of noninvasive samples collected in the field. The simplicity, high reliability and relative low cost of the described method make it a promising tool to improve ecological studies of the North African ungulates and consequently, the implementation of more efficient management and conservation plans for these endangered ungulates.
This study sought to determine the prevalence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria in the oral cavities of children with cancer. There were 68 paediatric patients with cancer who were included ...in this study. Oral swab samples from the dorsum of tongues and mouth floors of these patients were subjected to culture, staining, and molecular methods to detect the bacteria. The overall prevalence of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was 79.4% (54/68; 95% CI = 68.4 - 87.3) and 25% (17/68; 95% CI = 16.2 - 36.4), respectively. Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus parasanguinis were the predominant pathogenic grampositive bacteria, while Neisseria subflava and Neisseria perflava were the most common pathogenic gram-negative bacteria. The results revealed that the number of bacteria isolates recovered in patients receiving cancer treatment was higher (55.9%) than those who had not received treatment (16.2%). Therefore, more isolated pathogenic bacteria were observed post-therapy (54.4%). Pathogenic organisms can have significant implications on patient health. Awareness of the types of bacteria inhabiting the oral cavity is essential to predict and prevent dental problems, and their associated systemic complications. Findings on the diversity of oral microflora can also provide a better understanding of the aetiology of oral diseases in paediatric patients receiving cancer treatment.
Crossover or conversion between the homologous regions of glycophorin A (GYPA) and glycophorin B (GYPB) gives rise to several different hybrid glycophorin genes encoding a number of different ...glycophorin variant phenotypes which bear low prevalence antigens in the MNS blood group system. GP.Mur is the main glycophorin variant phenotype which causes hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) in East and Southeast Asians. The detection of glycophorin variant phenotypes using serological methods is limited to phenotyping reagents that are not commercially available. Moreover, the red blood cells used for antibody identification are usually of the GP.Mur phenotype. The current Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based methods and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) are available alternatives to phenotyping that allow for the specific detection of glycophorin variant phenotypes. This review highlights the molecular detection method for glycophorins A and B variant phenotypes and their clinical relevance.
•Genotyping allows detection of specific glycophorins A and B variant phenotypes.•GP.Mur and its antibodies potentially cause HDFN and HTR.•GP.Mur is commonly found in East and Southeast Asians.
Human respiratory system is harbored by a vast array of transient and normal microbial flora. Anumber of pathogenic viruses were diagnosed from samples in different occasions from mild tosevere ...infections of respiratory tract. Molecular methods were developed for detection of theseviruses during last two decades. Nucleic acid amplification methods were introduced for rapidand accurate diagnosis of pathogenic viruses. Multiplex detection systems were employed toidentify a panel of pathogenic viruses, which requires specialized kits and instruments in somecases. This review summarizes different types of molecular approaches which were developedwith time and applied for the detection of pathogenic viruses associated with infections of therespiratory system.
Laboratory-scale testing methods applicable to evaluation of contaminated subsurface microbial communities are discussed in relation to their potential in supporting effective site bioremediation. ...Both culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques are considered here with special emphasis on their capacity to contribute to bioremediation system design, in optimal cases by providing information on contaminant degradation rates. In this regard, microbial soil respiration tests seem to be the most useful tool since microbial soil respiration is a sensitive and easily measurable parameter for determination of metabolic activity within the sample and is closely related to other microbial parameters such as microbial biomass.
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