We review methods of sex estimation from human skeletal remains in South Africa within the forensic context. Sex is one of the key variables in obtaining a biological profile of the individual or ...population whose remains are analysed. Sex estimation based on the morphological characteristics of skeletal elements is population specific and thus the establishment of regional criteria is one of the imperatives for modern forensic anthropology. A literature review was carried out wherein the available methods of sex identification (morphological, metrical, geometric morphometrics and molecular) from South African skeletal material were critically examined. The approaches to sex estimation based on bone morphology have a long and productive history in South Africa. A number of approaches providing accurate results on the local populations have been developed. Research in molecular sex determination methods is still in its infancy in South Africa and the first innovative studies appeared only in recent years. While each of the four methods analysed is bounded by a number of constraints, they seem to complement each other and provide the best results when applied in conjunction with each other.
We review methods of sex estimation from human skeletal remains in South Africa within the forensic context. Sex is one of the key variables in obtaining a biological profile of the individual or ...population whose remains are analysed. Sex estimation based on the morphological characteristics of skeletal elements is population specific and thus the establishment of regional criteria is one of the imperatives for modern forensic anthropology. A literature review was carried out wherein the available methods of sex identification (morphological, metrical, geometric morphometrics and molecular) from South African skeletal material were critically examined. The approaches to sex estimation based on bone morphology have a long and productive history in South Africa. A number of approaches providing accurate results on the local populations have been developed. Research in molecular sex determination methods is still in its infancy in South Africa and the first innovative studies appeared only in recent years. While each of the four methods analysed is bounded by a number of constraints, they seem to complement each other and provide the best results when applied in conjunction with each other.
We review methods of sex estimation from human skeletal remains in South Africa within the forensic context. Sex is one of the key variables in obtaining a biological profile of the individual or ...population whose remains are analysed. Sex estimation based on the morphological characteristics of skeletal elements is population specific and thus the establishment of regional criteria is one of the imperatives for modern forensic anthropology. A literature review was carried out wherein the available methods of sex identification (morphological, metrical, geometric morphometrics and molecular) from South African skeletal material were critically examined. The approaches to sex estimation based on bone morphology have a long and productive history in South Africa. A number of approaches providing accurate results on the local populations have been developed. Research in molecular sex determination methods is still in its infancy in South Africa and the first innovative studies appeared only in recent years. While each of the four methods analysed is bounded by a number of constraints, they seem to complement each other and provide the best results when applied in conjunction with each other.
We review methods of sex estimation from human skeletal remains in South Africa within the forensic context. Sex is one of the key variables in obtaining a biological profile of the individual or ...population whose remains are analysed. Sex estimation based on the morphological characteristics of skeletal elements is population specific and thus the establishment of regional criteria is one of the imperatives for modern forensic anthropology. A literature review was carried out wherein the available methods of sex identification (morphological, metrical, geometric morphometrics and molecular) from South African skeletal material were critically examined. The approaches to sex estimation based on bone morphology have a long and productive history in South Africa. A number of approaches providing accurate results on the local populations have been developed. Research in molecular sex determination methods is still in its infancy in South Africa and the first innovative studies appeared only in recent years. While each of the four methods analysed is bounded by a number of constraints, they seem to complement each other and provide the best results when applied in conjunction with each other.
We review methods of sex estimation from human skeletal remains in South Africa within the forensic context. Sex is one of the key variables in obtaining a biological profile of the individual or ...population whose remains are analysed. Sex estimation based on the morphological characteristics of skeletal elements is population specific and thus the establishment of regional criteria is one of the imperatives for modern forensic anthropology. A literature review was carried out wherein the available methods of sex identification (morphological, metrical, geometric morphometrics and molecular) from South African skeletal material were critically examined. The approaches to sex estimation based on bone morphology have a long and productive history in South Africa. A number of approaches providing accurate results on the local populations have been developed. Research in molecular sex determination methods is still in its infancy in South Africa and the first innovative studies appeared only in recent years. While each of the four methods analysed is bounded by a number of constraints, they seem to complement each other and provide the best results when applied in conjunction with each other.
We review methods of sex estimation from human skeletal remains in South Africa within the forensic context. Sex is one of the key variables in obtaining a biological profile of the individual or ...population whose remains are analysed. Sex estimation based on the morphological characteristics of skeletal elements is population specific and thus the establishment of regional criteria is one of the imperatives for modern forensic anthropology. A literature review was carried out wherein the available methods of sex identification (morphological, metrical, geometric morphometrics and molecular) from South African skeletal material were critically examined. The approaches to sex estimation based on bone morphology have a long and productive history in South Africa. A number of approaches providing accurate results on the local populations have been developed. Research in molecular sex determination methods is still in its infancy in South Africa and the first innovative studies appeared only in recent years. While each of the four methods analysed is bounded by a number of constraints, they seem to complement each other and provide the best results when applied in conjunction with each other.
Aim of the study: The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between the phase of infection (acute or persistent) and the ability of quantitative PCR to detect DNA of Toxoplasma ...gondii in circulating leukocytes in blood. Methodology: Animal serum samples were examined (50 sheep, 47 dogs, 32 dairy cows, 91 wild boars and 36 rabbits) for the occurrence of IgM and IgG antibodies to T. gondii by ELISA. Uncoagulated blood samples from the same animals were examined for the detection of T. gondii DNA in circulating leukocytes by real-time PCR. Results: Only IgM antibodies, characteristic for acute infection, were detected in 45 of the 256 serum samples (17.6%). Only IgG antibodies, corresponding with chronic infection, were detected in 120 of the 256 samples (46.8%). In 91 of the 256 samples (35.5%) neither IgM or IgG were detected by ELISA. For real-time PCR, animals were divided into three groups based on the serological results: (group I — acute infection, group II — chronic infection, and group III — no infection). In group I, the presence of T. gondii DNA was detected in 9 out of 45 samples (20%), whereas in group II only 1 of 120 samples was positive for T. gondii DNA (0.8%). In group III, no DNA of T. gondii (0/91 samples) was detected by real-time PCR. Significance: The proof of DNA by real-time PCR in IgM positive samples was statistically significant in comparison to IgG positive samples (P<0.0001).
There is considerable evidence that the development of intestinal microbiota in early life has a great influence on the development of the immune system, and it is important to trace changes in the ...intestinal microbiota of allergy patients, whose number has been increasing recently. However, since lifestyle and genetic factors also affect allergy development, a large scale epidemiological investigation is required to realize the precise correlation between allergy and intestinal microbiota. Therefore, it is indispensable to establish a high-throughput analytical system for fecal microbial composition. In this review, various kinds of molecular methods are compared with regards to fitness for the epidemiological investigation. DGGE and T-RFLP are quite efficient for a rapid diversity assessment of infant intestinal bacterial community structure even though they are limited to only dominant bacteria. Real-time quantitative PCR is promising for much more sensitive and accurate quantitation of the target bacteria. Random sequencing of 16S rDNA clone libraries allows precise identification with high accuracy and could be applied to the microbial composition analysis with a decrease in the sequencing cost. Microarray analysis allows high-throughput diversity assessment which could be applied to these kinds of epidemiological studies instead of DGGE and T-RFLP in the near future.
An RT-PCR-hybridization was developed that amplified genetic material from the M protein gene of HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43. The analytic sensitivity of these original primers were compared with primers ...defined in the N gene and described previously. The results show that 0.05 TCID
50 of HCoV-229E and 0.01 TCID
50 of HCoV-OC43 can be detected by this molecular method using the original method. Detection of HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 in clinical specimens is possible using this method: 348 respiratory specimens (202 sputum and 146 nasal aspirates) were tested with this RT-PCR-hybridization and 12 human coronavirus are detected (3%). The method could provide a useful tool for demonstrating the role of human coronavirus in infections of the respiratory tract.
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