The incidence of primary cutaneous melanoma continues to increase each year. Melanoma accounts for the majority of skin cancer–related deaths, but treatment is usually curative following early ...detection of disease. In this American Academy of Dermatology clinical practice guideline, updated treatment recommendations are provided for patients with primary cutaneous melanoma (American Joint Committee on Cancer stages 0-IIC and pathologic stage III by virtue of a positive sentinel lymph node biopsy). Biopsy techniques for a lesion that is clinically suggestive of melanoma are reviewed, as are recommendations for the histopathologic interpretation of cutaneous melanoma. The use of laboratory, molecular, and imaging tests is examined in the initial work-up of patients with newly diagnosed melanoma and for follow-up of asymptomatic patients. With regard to treatment of primary cutaneous melanoma, recommendations for surgical margins and the concepts of staged excision (including Mohs micrographic surgery) and nonsurgical treatments for melanoma in situ, lentigo maligna type (including topical imiquimod and radiation therapy), are updated. The role of sentinel lymph node biopsy as a staging technique for cutaneous melanoma is described, with recommendations for its use in clinical practice. Finally, current data regarding pregnancy and melanoma, genetic testing for familial melanoma, and management of dermatologic toxicities related to novel targeted agents and immunotherapies for patients with advanced disease are summarized.
Drought stress is one of the most critical abiotic factors which negatively impacts on growth, productivity, and survival of plants. Grass species have an important role in the sustainable ...intensification of cropping systems. This review focus on the specific drought tolerance characteristics in grass species and application of prevalent classical and molecular methods for genetic improvement of them to drought stress. Generally, grass species adapt to drought stress by utilizing more than one strategy including of changes in the root growth, photosynthetic pigments, activation of antioxidant enzymes, and accumulation of compatible osmolytes. They also have other specific characteristics consisted of summer dormancy, drought recovery, and persistence, which lead to drought adaptation after prolonged drought. Studies on different grasses, indicated that most of above mentioned traits usually have positive correlation with drought tolerance. Also, high heritability has been reported for most of them in different grasses. Therefore, an effective index might be considering in identification of drought tolerance genotypes. Recently, high-throughput imaging phenotyping and advanced molecular techniques such as genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), RNA sequencing, genome-wide association study, and genome editing help conventional breeding methods to increase the accuracy, selection efficiency, genetic gains, and speed of breeding programs for developing drought tolerant cultivars.
•Climate change be an alarming situation in all over the world, which is predicted to lead to increased incidence of drought.•Grasses adapt to drought stress by different morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses, and genetics pathway.•Knowledge on the inheritance of drought tolerance traits is necessary for improving the efficiency of breeding programs.•Using of molecular techniques along with conventional breeding methods increased the accuracy and speed of breeding programs.
Domestication of indigenous tree species in agroforestry can play a seminal role to mitigate and diversify existing farm ecosystems to adapt against the vagaries of climate change by imitating ...“Mother Nature” in its pristine state. In this direction, developing elite genotypes in agroforestry matching with the need of farmers and associated industry can fetch higher prices in the market, while ensuring economic and livelihood security of subsistence farmers. To apprehend and enhance the flow of benefits from tree domestication, direct selection of superior genotypes or the conventional breeding approach for desired gene ingression followed by clonal propagation needs to be prioritized for developing ideotypes for specific end use. Further, exploring and tapping the potential of molecular breeding by collaborative efforts of conventional tree breeders, molecular geneticists, and tree physiologists in developing desired ideotypes in agroforestry is highly desirable.
The new, standard molecular biologic system for duplicating DNA enzymatically devoid of employing a living organism, like E. coli or yeast, represents polymerases chain reaction (PCR). This ...technology allows an exponential intensification of a minor quantity of DNA molecule several times. Analysis can be straightforward with more DNA available.
A thermal heat cycler performs a polymerization chain reaction that involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling the reactant tubes at the desired temperature for each reaction step. A heated deck is positioned on the upper reaction tube to avoid evaporating the reaction mixture (normally volumes range from 15 to 100 l per tube), or an oil layer can be placed on a reaction mixture surface.
The amplified DNA fragment is determined based on selecting primers in addition to the starting and end of the DNA fragment. The primers stand for short, artificial DNA stripes, no higher than fifty (typically 18-25bp) nucleotides have been based on a starting and ending of DNA fragment to be amplified. DNA-polymerase connects and starts a new DNA strand synthesis
The PCR products can be visualized by dual foremost methods: (1) staining of the product of DNA amplified by a chemical dye like bromide ethidium, or (2) marking of fluorescent dyes (fluorophores) PCR primers or nucleotides before amplification of PCRs.
PCR offers some benefits. First, it is a simple method of understanding and using and quick results. It has an extremely sensitive technology with the potential for sequencing, cloning, and analyzing millions or milliards of copies of a particular product.
This paper review is aiming to comprehensively identify and appraise the current available knowledge on microbial composition and microbial dynamics in anaerobic digestion with focus on the ...interconnections between operational parameters and microbial community. We systematically searched Scopus, Web of Science, pubmed and Embase (up to August 2019) with relative keywords to identify English-language studies published in peer-reviewed journals. The data and information on anaerobic reactor configurations, operational parameters such as pretreatment methods, temperature, trace elements, ammonia, organic loading rate, and feedstock composition and their association with the microbial community and microbial dynamics were extracted from eligible articles. Of 306 potential articles, 112 studies met the present review objectives and inclusion criteria. The results indicated that both aceticlastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis are dominant in anaerobic digesters and their relative composition is depending on environmental conditions. However, hydrogenotrophic methanogens are more often observed in extreme conditions due to their higher robustness compared to aceticlastic methangoens. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla are most common fermentative bacteria of the acidogenic phase. These bacteria secrete lytic enzymes to degrade organic matters and are able to survive in extreme conditions and environments due to their spores. In addition, among archaea Methanosaeta, Methanobacterium, and Methanosarcinaceae are found at high relative abundance in anaerobic digesters operated with different operational parameters. Overall, understanding the shifts in microbial composition and diversity as results of operational parameters variation in anaerobic digestion process would improve the stability and process performance.
•A comprehensive review was performed on microbial composition in anaerobic digestion process.•The environmental and operational parameters extensively influence the microbial community and diversity.•Hydrogenotrophic methanogens are more often observed in extreme conditions due to their higher robustness.•Understanding the shifts in microbial composition and diversity would improve the stability and process performance.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative halophilic bacterium that is found in estuarine, marine and coastal environments. V. parahaemolyticus is the leading causal agent of human acute ...gastroenteritis following the consumption of raw, undercooked, or mishandled marine products. In rare cases, V. parahaemolyticus causes wound infection, ear infection or septicaemia in individuals with pre-existing medical conditions. V. parahaemolyticus has two hemolysins virulence factors that are thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh)-a pore-forming protein that contributes to the invasiveness of the bacterium in humans, and TDH-related hemolysin (trh), which plays a similar role as tdh in the disease pathogenesis. In addition, the bacterium is also encodes for adhesions and type III secretion systems (T3SS1 and T3SS2) to ensure its survival in the environment. This review aims at discussing the V. parahaemolyticus growth and characteristics, pathogenesis, prevalence and advances in molecular identification techniques.
In order to accurately diagnose Entamoeba spp., this study's major goal was to develop a proof-of-concept method for simultaneously detecting pathogenic and non-pathogenic amoebae using DNA. During ...amoebiasis, two diagnostic techniques (microscopic inspection and PCR techniques with particular primers) were evaluated. About 100 feces samples from Fallujah individuals who had clinical symptoms were taken. The outcome reveals that only 20 samples have Entamoeba spp. infections. According to this study, the two species had distinct infection percentages. Entamoeba histolytica was the most prevalent infection, at 85%, followed by Entamoeba dispar, which was 15% of all the Entamoeba-positive samples. In addition to studying the morphology and genes of the positive samples, the residential environment, age, and gender were also taken into consideration. It showed the infective patients in the rural area had a higher rate of infection, which was 18%, while the infection in the urban area was less, which was represented by 2%. As for the effect of the age factor, the highest percentage was from children who did not exceed ten years old, which was 10%. The lowest percentage was 2% for people over the age of sixteen (16). According to the gender factor, a different percentage appeared in males than females. The result showed a high infection rate for males, which was estimated at about 16%, but for females it was much less, at only 4%.
Recent advances in the diagnosis of dermatophytosis Begum, Jubeda; Mir, Nasir A.; Lingaraju, Madhu C. ...
Journal of basic microbiology,
April 2020, 2020-Apr, 2020-04-00, Volume:
60, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Dermatophytosis is a disease of global significance caused by pathogenic keratinolytic fungi called dermatophytes in both animals and humans. The recent taxonomy of dermatophytes classifies them into ...six pathogenic genera, namely Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Nannizzia, Lophophyton and Arthroderma. It is because of the delayed diagnostic nature and low accuracy of dermatophyte detection by conventional methods that paved the path for the evolution of molecular diagnostic techniques, which provide the accurate and rapid diagnosis of dermatophytosis for an appropriate, timely antifungal therapy that prevents the nonspecific over‐the‐counter self‐medication. This review focuses on the importance of rapid and accurate diagnosis of dermatophytosis, limitations of conventional methods, selection of targets in diagnosis, and factors affecting sensitivity and specificity of various molecular diagnostic technologies in the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Generally, all the molecular techniques have a significant edge over the conventional methods of culture and microscopy in the dermatophytosis diagnosis. However, in mycology laboratory, the suitability of any molecular diagnostic technique in the diagnosis of dermatophytosis is driven by the requirement of time, economy, complexity, the range of species spectrum detected and the scale of diagnostic output required. Thus, various choices involved in the pursuit of a diagnosis of dermatophytosis are determined by the available conditions and the facilities in the laboratory.
Chlamydiae have a worldwide distribution causing a wide range of diseases in human hosts, livestock, and companion animals as well as in wildlife and exotic species. Moreover, they can persist in ...their hosts as asymptomatic infections for extended periods of time. The introduction of molecular techniques has revolutionized the Chlamydia field by expanding the host range of known chlamydial species but also by discovering new species and even new families of bacteria in the broader order Chlamydiales. The wide range of hosts, diseases, and tissues affected by chlamydiae complicate the diagnosis such that standard diagnostic approaches for these bacteria are rare. Bacteria of the Chlamydiales order are small and their inclusions are difficult to detect by standard microscopy. With the exception of avian and ovine chlamydiosis, macroscopic and/or histologic changes might not be pathognomic or indicative for a chlamydial infection or even not present at all. Moreover, detection of chlamydial DNA in specimens in the absence of other methods or related pathological lesions questions the significance of such findings. The pathogenic potential of the majority of recently identified Chlamydia-related bacteria remains largely unknown and awaits investigation through experimental or natural infection models including histomorphological characterization of associated lesions. This review aims to summarize the historical background and the most important developments in the field of animal chlamydial research in the past 5 years with a special focus on pathology. It will summarize the current nomenclature, present critical thoughts about diagnostics, and give an update on chlamydial infections in domesticated animals such as livestock, companion animals and birds, as well as free-ranging and captive wild animals such as reptiles, fish, and marsupials.
Spices have great monetary value, and it has a vast range of functionalities such as flavouring of food, perfumery, cosmetics, medicinal use, and preservative properties Adulterant authentication in ...spices plays a vital role in quality control. The consumers demand increased food quality and safety concerns and food products with high traceability. Food product authenticity has become a significant factor in marking the quality, authenticity, origin of food, etc. It assures buyers, traders, and importing countries that the product is of high quality. Though physical methods are simple to use, the time taken to screen the sample limits commercial application. Analytical methods such as chemical, analytical and instrumental techniques have been widely used. Complex instruments, and data processing restricts its routine use. Molecular techniques can be the powerful tool for detecting adulterants in spices due to its rapidity, sensitivity, accuracy and cost-effectiveness. This review provides an overview of applications, merits & demerits and the challenges of various techniques used for adulterant authentication in spices and herbs.
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