•Phytophthora spp. causes soil and water borne disease of citrus, which is the most prevalent and devastating disease worldwide.•This comprehensive review examines the symptomology, disease cycle, ...and traditional and new biotechnical diagnostic tools for strengthening disease resistance in the genetic background of citrus and, as a result, reducing the use of fungicides by citrus producers.•An effector molecule plays an important role in R proteins, hypersensitivity reactions, and the production of defence related genes in Phytophthora-citrus interactions.
Gummosis caused by Phytophthora spp. which affects citrus roots, trunk and fruits. This review gives systematic and an updated overlook for addressing the isolation, different detection methods, sources of resistance, the interaction of Phytophthora with citrus, and its pathogenicity mechanism, biotechnological tools like Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping, gene expression, gene editing, cloning, and transformation to manage the Phytophthora disease. Management of this challenging disease requires developing new knowledge, and methods about the pathogen, and its interaction with its host. We reviewed detection methods like Polymerase Chain Reaction, Immuno detection test, and Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification. The key Phytophthora- citrus interactions reported in cited literature are an effector molecule interaction, the role of R proteins, hypersensitivity responses, and an expression of the defence related genes. Moreover, we also explained the role of modern biotechnological techniques in speeding up the selection of tolerant/ resistant parents for breeding programme viz., generation of transgenic plants, mapped genomic location of QTL, gene transferred, candidate genes, CRISPR/Cas9, comparative transcriptomics analysis, and metabolomics. Biotechnological techniques will contribute to development of Phytophthora resistance rootstock that contribute gratefully to effective disease management, and ultimately minimize fungicide usage by citrus growers.
Display omitted
Crabs are extremely popular in global seafood market due to their flavour and nutritional content. However, these are frequently contaminated with inedible ones to meet expanding demand and go ...undetected, putting people's health at risk. In such scenario, genetic testing is the most persuasive approach to authenticate constituent species. Here we bought 11 crabs from a local market at Indian Sundarbans and created barcodes. We for the first time cross-validated our data with other approaches: Barcode-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, Mini-barcoding and Barcode-Melt Curve Analyis along with subsequent data transformation into QR-code and draw a comparative assessment about the efficacy of each approach under various circumstances. We observed that 36% of the examined crabs are edible, whereas 64% are contaminated with inedible ones. We further demonstrated that Bar-RFLP is the most affordable efficient technique in addressing adulteration whereas Bar-MCA is more powerful than sequencing in recognizing very low levels of adulterant species from processed and preserved foods. Thus, we concluded that both Bar-RFLP and Bar-MCA along with the QR-code as data transformation and archival, are effective and rapid species identification tools that can be used instead of traditional sequencing-based approaches requiring extensive computational and data processing infrastructure, saving time and money.
Display omitted
•Genetic assessment in addressing sea food fraud.•Most of the crabs sold in Indian Sundarbans seafood market are inedible.•Bar-RFLP, Bar-MCA in forensic identification of seafood adulteration.•Development of DNA-QR code in food security.
Abstract
The study and conservation of a painting by Wasily Kandinsky, titled
Spitz‐Rund
and dated to 1925, was carried out at the Centro per la Conservazione ed il Restauro dei Beni Culturali “La ...Venaria Reale” 2018 and 2021. This work, owned by the Galleria d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea of Bergamo (GAMeC), was created with oil paints on cardboard, and later glued onto a wooden support. A first phase of the project entailed a thorough scientific investigation of the artist's materials and techniques by means of a multi‐analytical approach, including both non‐invasive and micro‐invasive techniques. The present contribution discusses some of the most relevant results obtained from scientific analyses on Kandinsky's masterpiece. The painting stratigraphy and colour palette were investigated using multispectral imaging, spot XRF and in situ Raman analyses. Micro‐samples were also taken and analysed with FTIR spectroscopy, Py‐GC/MS, optical microscopy and SEM–EDX. Additional investigations using MA‐XRF provided further insight into the distribution of various chemical elements, proving essential to deepen our knowledge of the painting and to integrate the information obtained from other analytical techniques. The study highlighted several similarities between
Spitz‐Rund
and other Kandinsky's artworks and made it possible to gain a broader understanding of the artist's technique during the Bauhaus period (1922–1933).
The Indian golden muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis Helfer is an economically important wild silkworm endemic to Northeastern part of India. In recent years, climate change has posed a threat to ...muga silk production due to the requirement that larvae be reared outdoors. Since the muga silkworm larvae are exposed to the vagaries of nature, the changing climate has increased the incidence of microbial diseases in the rearing fields. Accurate diagnosis of the disease causing pathogens and its associated epidemiology are prerequisites to manage the diseases in the rearing field. Although conventional microbial culturing methods are widely used to identify pathogenic bacteria, they would not provide meaningful information on a wide variety of silkworm pathogens. The information on use of molecular diagnostic tools in detection of microbial pathogens of wild silk moths is very limited. A wide range of molecular and immunodiagnostic techniques including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), random amplified polymorphism (RAPD), 16S rRNA/ITSA gene sequencing, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunofluorescence, and repetitive-element PCR (Rep-PCR), have been used for detecting and characterizing the pathogens of insects with economic significance. Nevertheless, the application of these molecular tools for detecting and typing entomopathogens in surveillance studies of muga silkworm rearing is very limited. Here, we discuss the possible application of these molecular techniques, their advantages and major limitations. These methods show promise in better management of diseases in muga ecosystem.
The past couple of decades have witnessed global resurgence of herbal‐based health care. As a result, the trade of raw drugs has surged globally. Accurate and fast scientific identification of the ...plant(s) is the key to success for the herbal drug industry. The conventional approach is to engage an expert taxonomist, who uses a mix of traditional and modern techniques for precise plant identification. However, for bulk identification at industrial scale, the process is protracted and time‐consuming. DNA barcoding, on the other hand, offers an alternative and feasible taxonomic tool box for rapid and robust species identification. For the success of DNA barcode, the barcode loci must have sufficient information to differentiate unambiguously between closely related plant species and discover new cryptic species. For herbal plant identification, matK, rbcL, trnH‐psbA, ITS, trnL‐F, 5S‐rRNA and 18S‐rRNA have been used as successful DNA barcodes. Emerging advances in DNA barcoding coupled with next‐generation sequencing and high‐resolution melting curve analysis have paved the way for successful species‐level resolution recovered from finished herbal products. Further, development of multilocus strategy and its application has provided new vistas to the DNA barcode‐based plant identification for herbal drug industry. For successful and acceptable identification of herbal ingredients and a holistic quality control of the drug, DNA barcoding needs to work harmoniously with other components of the systems biology approach. We suggest that for effectively resolving authentication challenges associated with the herbal market, DNA barcoding must be used in conjunction with metabolomics along with need‐based transcriptomics and proteomics.
•Strongyloides ratti is a common intestinal parasite of rats which are closed to human.•S. ratti is used as a laboratory model for Strongyloides molecular diagnostic.•S. ratti has the soil ...transmission life cycle.•It is remarkable evidence of the presence of zoonosis S. ratti disease in human.
Strongyloidiasis, a neglected disease caused by intestinal nematodes of the genus, is endemic to tropical and subtropical areas such as Vietnam. Morphological methods only identify the genus, while DNA-molecular techniques are susceptible in Strongyloides spp. detection. The study aims to determine the prevalence of dominant Strongyloides species among the population in Duc Hoa district, Long An, Vietnam.
A cross-sectional study used 1190 stool specimens collected from July 2017 to November 2018. All samples were transported within 2 h, stored at 2–8°C, and processed within 48 h for microscopy smear and culture at the Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine (PNT). Then all positive samples with the above 2 methods were verified by real-time PCR technique. Real-time PCR amplification was conducted at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology, PNT.
Direct microscopy and modified Harada-Mori culture detected Strongyloides spp. larvae in 79/1190 samples (6.6%). About 94.2% of the DNA samples were Strongyloides stercoralis, 2.9% were co-infections with Strongyloides ratti and S. stercoralis, and 2.9% were patients with S. ratti. The identity of 12/14 sequences was confirmed as S. stercoralis with a high level of similarity (91.3%–100%) and over 98% for S. ratti.
DNA-molecular techniques and sequence analysis are highly suitable for identifying Strongyloides species isolated from stool samples. It is remarkable evidence of the presence of zoonosis S. ratti disease in human, not just the known S. stercoralis. It is likely to result in a certain proportion of people being infected by this animal-borne infectious pathogen.
Display omitted
Fermented foods were likely to have been the first among all types of processed foods consumed by human beings. The role that fermented food plays is not only related to the development of ...civilizations and cultural relationships between countries but also related to the nutritional importance of its population. Of course, the early manufacturers of fermented foods didn't take into account the advantages of modern sciences, because enzymes and microorganisms were discovered just 150-200 years ago. For that reason, we can conclude why the ancient fermentation techniques were known to philosophers and alchemists, but not to biologists. It demonstrated that the fermentation mechanisms involved many secrets still undiscovered. Recently, applications of molecular techniques for analyzing and study the fermented foods have been explored. In this review, we provide answers with a critical vision to many questions for understanding the role of molecular techniques to discover the secrets of fermented foods such as how to evaluate the traditional fermented foods? Why using molecular techniques to study the fermented foods not else? Is the future will carry to us a boom in molecular technologies contribute to the detection of more secrets of the fermented food?
The green turtle is an endangered species that is highly sensitive to environmental pollution that can adversely affect the healthy development of eggs. Moreover, the presence of some bacteria in ...nests can be regarded as an indicator of the pollution level in nesting areas.
In our study, nest sand and egg contents were collected from Sugözü Beaches (Turkey), in the Mediterranean. Phenotypic and genotypic identification of bacteria were carried out by using conventional phenotypic methods, 16S rRNA gene sequencing respectively. The extended-spectrum beta-lactamase presence and carbapenem resistance of bacteria isolated from egg contents were determined. This is the first report of carbapenem resistance in the eggs. All strains were evaluated in three different categories including growth promoters in agriculture and aquaculture, pathogens that are found in human and animal, and biomonitoring aquatic pollution. According to our analysis, 67 bacterial species were identified from samples. This study is the first record of Alcaligenes, Zobellella, Lysinibacillus, Sphingobacterium, Achromobacter, Acinetobacter, Alcanivorax, Ochrobactrum, Microbacterium, Rhodococcus, and Stenotrophomonas isolated from sea turtles.
Pathogens detected in the bacterial flora can threaten both sea turtles and field workers. These data can contribute to the development of new conservation strategies on the treatment of sea turtles, nest protection, and pollution detection on nesting beaches.
Display omitted
•Carbapenem resistance bacteria were determined for green turtles.•Eleven genera of bacteria were firstly described not only for green turtle but also for sea turtles.•Bacillus anthracis was identified firstly for green turtles.•Pathogens detected in the bacterial flora can threaten both sea turtles and field workers.
Objective Evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of rapid tests (RTs) for C. trachomatis (CT), N. gonorrheae (NG), and syphilis at the point of care for management of women with symptoms of lower genital ...tract infection (LGTI). Materials and Methods: Diagnostic validity study assembled in a cohort study of sexually active women 14 to 49 years old, consulting with symptoms of LGTI at three outpatient facilities in Bogotá, Colombia in 2010, after ethics board approval. Exclusion criteria: hysterectomy, pregnancy, or receiving antibiotics in the 7 previous days. Sampling: sequential. RTs evaluated: Acon® duo and Acon plate® (Acon, San Diego, CA, USA) for NG. Acon® Plate, Acon Duo and QuickVue® (Quidel Corporation, San Diego, CA, USA). for CT They were compared against polymerase chain reaction (PCR) AMPLICOR C.trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae test (Roche Diagnostic Systems, Inc., Branchburg, N.J.). Bioline® Syphilis 3.0 (Standard Diagnostics, Inc., Kyunggi-do, South Korea) and ACON® Syphilis for syphilis and were compared to a positive RPR and TPHA. Sensitivity (S), specificity (Sp), positive and negative likelihood ratios LR (+), LR (-) were calculated. Results 1410 subjects recruited. The prevalence of NG and CT with PCR was 1.4% (19/1376) and 9.6% (133/1379) respectively. The prevalence of syphilis with RP and TPHA was 0.9% (12/1400). RTs for syphilis showed > 90% sensitivity and 100% specificity. RTs for C trachomatis showed a low sensitivity between 22 – 37% and a 99% specificity, RTs for N gonorrhoeae showed 97%. Conclusions In women with symptoms of LGTIs RTs used at the point of care for syphilis have a sensitivity > 90%. RTs for CT have sensitivity < 40% and Rts for NG have sensitivity < 12.5% %. Funded by Colciencias (Colombia) Grant:621 2009.
The soybean is a significant legume crop, providing several vital dietary components. Extreme heat stress negatively affects soybean yield and quality, especially at the germination stage. Continuous ...change in climatic conditions is threatening the global food supply and food security. Therefore, it is a critical need of time to develop heat-tolerant soybean genotypes. Different molecular techniques have been developed to improve heat stress tolerance in soybean, but until now complete genetic mechanism of soybean is not fully understood. Various molecular methods, like quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, genetic engineering, transcription factors (TFs), transcriptome, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), are employed to incorporate heat tolerance in soybean under the extreme conditions of heat stress. These molecular techniques have significantly improved heat stress tolerance in soybean. Besides this, we can also use specific classical breeding approaches and different hormones to reduce the harmful consequences of heat waves on soybean. In future, integrated use of these molecular tools would bring significant results in developing heat tolerance in soybean. In the current review, we have presented a detailed overview of the improvement of heat tolerance in soybean and highlighted future prospective. Further studies are required to investigate different genetic factors governing the heat stress response in soybean. This information would be helpful for future studies focusing on improving heat tolerance in soybean.
