Mineral naphthenic oil is normally used in transformers, circuit breakers and other electrical equipment for insulating and cooling functions. Due to their usage conditions, it may be subjected to ...oxidation reactions caused by the presence of oxygen, water and metals, affecting the oil performance. Using the ASTM D2440 method, oxidation studies were carried out on insulating oil, using commercial antioxidants and metal passivators, to assess and compare their thermal oxidative stability, monitored by FTIR analysis, total acid number and sludge content on the oxidized samples. An experimental sequence for combinations of antioxidants and metal passivators was devised to seek the best concentrations that could be used to improve the stability of the insulating naphthenic oil. The combination of antioxidant Irganox L115 and metal passivator Irgamet 039 achieved the best performance in inhibiting the oil oxidation among the studied samples.
Linseed oil is a common wood treatment agent, which is often blended with naphthenic oil during its application. In this study, we developed new types of linseed oil blends, where the naphthenic oil ...was substituted with alcohols and pyrolysis oil. As miscibility tests revealed, linseed oil can be blended indefinitely with primary alcohols containing three carbon atoms or more. In addition, kinetic stability of three-component-mixtures was found, which comprised linseed oil, alcohol and pyrolysis oil. The developed blends were further tested for their viscosity and rate of solvent evaporation. At last, trial impregnations of wood were done to test this new treatment agent. The uptake of treatment oil and the effect on water repellency varied, and substituting white spirit with propanol and pyrolysis oil showed potential. The latter were miscible with 50% (wt) linseed oil at concentrations of 37.5% 1- or 2-propanol and 12.5% pyrolysis oil. Compared with the reference case, treatment with this agent markedly decreased the water-uptake of the wood. Our study hence attributes great potential to the newly developed linseed oil blends, which may introduce additional product characteristics and generate value to byproducts via pyrolysis.
The requirements for green and sustainable manufacturing mean that stamping lubricants must be continuously re-evaluated and re-designed. In this investigation, the tribological performance of four ...base oils with different chemical structures (paraffinic and naphthenic) and viscosities (2 and 20 cSt), as well as water, was evaluated for the stamping of steel sheets and compared with a non-lubricated contact. Most lubricants reduce the coefficient of friction and maintain a similar wear coefficient for steel sheets as in dry contacts. Low-viscosity (LV) naphthenic oil performs very like both high-viscosity (HV) oils. A surprising exception is the LV paraffinic oil, with several-times-higher friction and wear compared to dry contact. This is due to the excellent wetting-spreading and very low cohesion forces that enable oil to escape from extremely thin-film contacts because the viscosity is so low, leading to lubricant starvation. In contrast, HV oils provide a sufficiently thick lubricating film, while strong cohesive forces help in the film’s strength, lessening wear, and reducing friction. In thin-film lubrication with LV oils, such as when stamping, it is thus extremely important that the lubricant’s wetting behaviour and viscosity are sufficient to provide enough film in the contact and prevent starvation, thus ensuring lower friction, less wear, and a longer lifetime of the contact.
Lubricants are essential to machinery life, as they play a crucial role in controlling and diminishing the friction and wear between moving parts when operated under extreme conditions. To this end, ...due to tight environmental conditions, manufacturers are looking for alternative solid lubricants to be dispersed in base liquid lubricants. MoS2 and graphene are solid lubricants that provide low frictional properties and high thermal stability in both oxidizing and non-oxidizing environments. This research offers a new lubricant with improved thermal conductivity that combines the synergistic effect of graphene and MoS2 in a blend of vegetable oil (peanut) and naphthenic oil. The ratio of peanut oil and naphthenic oil varies from 1:3–3:1. A fixed composition of 4.34 wt.% palm oil methyl ester (POME) is added to enhance the anti-wear property further. Graphene and MoS2 concentrations varied between 1:2–5:2, respectively. This nanoparticle additive oil blend is physically mixed using a water bath sonication for 4 h. The stability of the blend lubricant dispersed with MoS2 and graphene is studied using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer for 25 days. The effect of various concentrations of graphene, MoS2, peanut oil, and naphthenic oil on the thermal conductivity of the nanolubricant is also studied as a function of temperature (25 °C–55 °C). Artificial neural network models were used for the parametric investigation of the nanolubricant. It is found that the stability of the formulated nanolubricant increased with peanut oil composition above 25 wt.%. The results show that the 3:1 blend ratio showed higher stability for hybrid MoS2-based lubricants. Similarly, the highest thermal conductivity is observed for 100 wt.% naphthenic oil with a 1:2 ratio of graphene–MoS2 at 55 °C.
The total production of paraffinic Group I is estimated to fall to about 40 percent of the total base oil production by the year 2020 and some estimate it down to less than 30 percent. Regardless the ...degree of the fall, a serious consequence of these changes is that the offering of the base oil industry is no longer optimized for the industrial lubricant and grease industry requirements. The deficits in solvency and viscosity might not be readily substituted by the highly refined paraffinic Group II and Group III base oils. Higher polarity, aromaticity and sufficient solvency power constitutes, beside the viscosities, the most essential parameters for process oils, metal working fluids, hydraulic oils and greases. Within the frame of this work, a new range (NR) of base stocks, very similar to paraffinic Group I, have been developed by carefully blending naphthenic and paraffinic base oils. This new range of base oil is closely matching a broad selection of paraffinic Group I base oils, from Solvent Neutral 60 to Solvent Neutral 600 with retained kinematic viscosity and aniline point, and with improved pour point. In order to verify some of the characteristics of these new base oils some comparative studies have been conducted by making conventional lithium greases. The reason for choosing lithium grease was due to high degree of the representation with the lubricating greases which is around 55 percent. Previous findings emphasized that this new range of base oils may replace conventional paraffinic Group I in various industrial application, and based on this study, the lubricating greases could be added to the list of successful applications.
Adamantane hydrocarbons have been isolated from Cenomanian heavy naphthenic oil of the Russkoe field using the thiocarbamide adduction method. Steam distillation of the oil has given a fraction ...(boiling range 105–150°C) containing 0.36 wt % adamantane, from which a concentrate containing 18.2 wt % C
10
–C
14
adamantane derivatives has been obtained. Adamantane and its derivatives in the crude oil, oil fractions, and concentrate have been identified, and adamantane has been quantified using the gas chromatography—mass spectrometry technique.
The thermodynamic properties of naphthenic oil, a plasticiser, were investigated by means of inverse gas chromatography (IGC) using 10 different kinds of solvents as probes. Some thermodynamic ...parameters, such as specific retention volume, weight fraction activity coefficient, Flory-Huggins interaction parameter, partial molar heats of mixing and solubility parameter were obtained to judge the interactions between oil and solvents and the solubility of oil in these solvents. The results indicated that n-heptane, n-hexane, cyclohexane, chloroform, benzene and diethyl ether are good solvents for oil at experimental temperatures. The solubility parameters of oil varied from 13.94 to 13.21 (J cm
−3
)
1/2
at temperature range 323-353 K. The solubility parameter of oil was calculated to be 14.38 (J cm
−3
)
1/2
at room temperature, which is consistent with that obtained using surface tension-solubility parameter relation method.
Naphthenic oil production is known to be made difficult by stable emulsion formation and possible scaling of calcium naphthenates. From a flow assurance point of view, it is of major importance to ...foresee these two possible issues at the earliest stage of the project development especially for deep-offshore fields. In this article, a classification of crude oils based on density, acidity and acid types is proposed. Process schemes adapted to the different oil types are also described.
The thermodynamic properties of styrene-b-butene/ethylene-b-styrene, styrene-isoprene-styrene, and naphthenic oil, were investigated by means of inverse gas chromatography using 13 different kinds of ...solvents as the probes. Some thermodynamic parameters such as specific retention volume, weight fraction activity coefficient, Flory—Huggins interaction parameter, partial molar heats of mixing and solubility parameter, etc. were obtained to judge the interactions and the solubility between the polymer and solvents and the solubility of the polymers in these solvents. The results indicated that n-pentane, n-hexane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, and diethyl ether were good solvents for these polymers at experimental temperatures. The solubility parameter of styrene-b-butene/ethylene-b-styrene, styrene-isoprene-styrene, and naphthenic oil were calculated to be 16.99, 16.84, 14.39 (J/cm3)1/2 at 298.15 K by inverse gas chromatography, respectively, which were consistent with that obtained by intrinsic viscosity method, small group contribution method, or solubility parameter-surface tension method.
Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are the primary source of organic contaminants in oily wastewater at many manufacturing facilities. Such facilities, including those in the automotive industry, face the ...continuing challenge of improving wastewater treatment for organics. Hydraulic fluids (HFs), chemically similar to MWFs, have been a major source of costly soil contamination at industrial and commercial facilities.
A better understanding of these organics is essential to the treatment of oily wastewater and HF decontamination. Therefore, two aspects were reviewed: (1) current and historical organic chemical compositions of MWFs and HFs and (2) existing and emerging analytical methods. Base mineral oils were emphasized, as they are the primary ingredient of these fluids and the main contaminant in oily wastewater and HF-contaminated soil. Hydrocarbon compositions of "naphthenic" (cycloalkanes) and "paraffinic" (straight and branched noncyclic alkanes) mineral oils were described, as were the chemical nature of the various MWF and HF additives.
Analytical methods for gross organic measurements, individual organics, and structure- and sizebased fractions and distributions were reviewed. Most promising for characterizing the base oil fraction were gas chromatography (GC) coupled with two soft ionization mass spectrometry detection methods and comprehensive 2-dimensional GC. These methods can provide complete distributions of hydrocarbon structures and sizes and are potentially useful to monitor hydrocarbon fate in wastewater treatment, soil/sediment remediation, or other applications involving complex hydrocarbon mixtures.
