The Satellite Account of Information and Communication Technology for Ecuador 2015, establishes a detailed study of the characteristic economic activities, related and economic transactions of this ...important sector of the Ecuadorian economy. This research describes the methodology used, which defines the products and industries of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector. In the end, the results obtained from the supply-use tables, the different macroeconomic aggregates, such as value added and GDP, are shown, which allow to assess the contribution and economic importance of the ict sector to the national economy during 2015.
This paper uses a new cross-country cross-industry dataset on investment in tangible and intangible assets for 18 European countries and the US. We set out a framework for measuring intangible ...investment and capital stocks and their effect on output, inputs and total factor productivity. The analysis provides evidence on the diffusion of intangible investment across Europe and the US over the years 2000-2013 and offers growth accounting evidence before and after the Great Recession in 2008-2009. Our major findings are the following. First, tangible investment fell massively during the Great Recession and has hardly recovered, whereas intangible investment has been relatively resilient and recovered fast in the US but lagged behind in the EU. Second, the sources of growth analysis including only national account intangibles (software, R&D, mineral exploration and artistic originals), suggest that capital deepening is the main driver of growth, with tangibles and intangibles accounting for 80% and 20% in the EU while both account for 50% in the US, over 2000-2013. Extending the asset boundary to the intangible assets not included in the national accounts (Corrado, Hulten and Sichel (2005)) makes capital deepening increase. The contribution of tangibles is reduced both in the EU and the US (60% and 40% respectively) while intangibles account for a larger share (40% in EU and 60% in the US). Then, our analysis shows that since the Great Recession, the slowdown in labour productivity growth has been driven by a decline in TFP growth with relatively a minor role for tangible and intangible capital. Finally, we document a significant correlation between stricter employment protection rules and less government investment in R&D, and a lower ratio of intangible to tangible investment.
The Republic of Moldova lacks an updated Input-Output Table (IOT), which is necessary for compiling a Social Accounting Matrix and calibrating a Computable General Equilibrium model. The author’s ...goal is to estimate by economic, mathematical and statistical methods the IOT for 2019 using a IOT for 2014 as a reference. The author first defines an optimal classification of sectors present in IOT-2019 to ensure comparability with IOT-2014. Subsequently, the author reconciles data from National Accounts Statistics, Balance of Payments and budget execution reports to compile the IOT quadrant 1. For quadrants 2 and 3, the columns for which there are statistical data in the aforementioned sources are first determined, after which the missing parts are compiled formulating and solving a mathematical optimization problem, in which the objective function is minimization of structural differences between IOT-2019 and IOT- 2014.
•We construct a new database on income inequality in Africa from 1990 to 2019.•Inequality in Africa is very high: the top 10% regional income share reaches 55%. It has remained relatively stable ...since 1990.•Most of continent-wide income inequality comes from the within-country component rather than from average income differences between countries.•Settler colonialism and the spread of Islam stand out as robust correlates of differences in inequality between African countries.
This article estimates the evolution of income inequality in Africa from 1990 to 2019 by combining surveys, tax data, and national accounts. Inequality in Africa is very high: the regional top 10% income share nears 55%, on par with regions characterized by extreme inequality, such as Latin America and India. Most of continent-wide income inequality comes from the within-country component rather than from average income differences between countries. Inequality is highest in Southern Africa and lowest in Northern and Western Africa. It remained fairly stable from 1990 to 2019, with the exception of Southern Africa, where it increased significantly. Among historical determinants, this geographical pattern seems to reveal the long shadow of settler colonialism, at least in Sub-Saharan Africa; the spread of Islam stands out as another robust correlate. The poor quality of the raw data calls for great caution, in particular when analyzing country-level dynamics.
Abstract
Definitions of output and input are key to studies of productivity analysis, as they are to the national accounts of countries. This paper systematically reviews alternative definitions at ...production unit and aggregate levels, illustrating the different perspectives that they provide on production and income, and making the case for their use in understanding different aspects of firm and country economic performance.
We study genuine savings as an indicator of long-term welfare for Sweden for the period 1850 to 2000. Sweden has developed long series of comprehensive ‘green’ national accounts for this entire ...period and is, therefore, interesting as a testing ground for the hypotheses linking green accounting and sustainability. We find support for the weakest of the hypotheses in the theoretical literature on weak sustainability and genuine savings, namely that genuine savings are correlated with future economic well-being. However, the stronger hypotheses in this literature are not supported: there is no one-to-one relationship between genuine savings and prosperity, there is no indication that the relationship becomes stronger for longer time horizons, or with more comprehensive savings measures. The findings suggest that genuine savings, at least as currently measured in national accounts and satellite accounts, may not be a good forward-looking indicator of future prosperity.
There are repeated calls to go 'Beyond GDP', for measures of wellbeing and progress in addition to those that the System of National Accounts (SNA) is designed to provide. We identify key issues that ...can help build on the rigour of SNA whilst fitting the measurement of economic performance within a broader assessment of national wellbeing and progress. Such drivers are already leading to a proliferation of indicators and accounts, for example in the development of non-monetary measures of natural resources, but there are significant measurement challenges, not least the question of whether a single, overall measure or index of wellbeing is valid. But the challenge of measurement, per se, is one thing: in our view, a more critical issue is whether the measures will actually be used. We propose a dynamic and multi-staged approach for developing SNA, embracing the production and use of measures. This would start by identifying user requirements for wider measures, to provide the basis for national and cross-national developments in well-being accounting. We envisage greater branding and marketing of national well-being concepts to promote measures and support their use. We call for outreach by producers, so that there is dialogue about the development and use of measures.
Global patchwork Greenhouse-gas accounting is the measurement, analysis and reporting of data on emissions and removals of gases such as CO2 and methane that cause climate change. ...the Global ...Carbon Project measures, analyses and reports flows of CO2, methane and nitrous oxide into and out of the atmosphere from human activities (such as transport, industry and land use) and natural environments (such as forests, soils and oceans)1. ...one analysis in February used the latest satellite data to show that methane emissions from the energy sector were 70% higher than those reported by national accounts, which use emissions factors that are based on idealized conditions and don't include leaks from fossil-fuel operations3. According to California's Air Resources Board, the state's emissions from wildfires in 2020 exceeded those generated from electricity.
The term „Green economy” in the context of sustainable development was used for the first time in 1989, there is no internationally agreed definition for it. In the last decades, in a relatively ...short period it has become an issue with major importance worldwide, the society realizing that its actions have direct effects on the environment, its live and where we carry out our work. In order to correctly understand the meaning of Green economy we need an insight on man as an individual but also on organizations that make economic and financial decisions and initiatives.
This paper examines the EU countries progress toward green economy, identifies the relationship with financial and economic indicators and analyses the role of eco-innovation performance and innovative capacity toward green transition to meet the European Green Deal objectives. Complex theoretical, methodological and empirical research methodology was adopted by using specific methods of investigation: critical analysis of the literature, complex quantitative and qualitative analysis, identification, construction and the appropriate processing of existing databases. The numerical results were obtained by the SPSS software package.
The paper’s outcome identifies barriers and success factors in the implementation of the EU’s main new growth strategy, highlights that the green transformation process of the economy needs large investments in innovation and eco-innovation and needs the green finance to be covered also by the public and private sector on national and EU level and from the EU budget as well.
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