The primary objective of this study is to examine the impact of technology on naval warfare, with particular attention to its vital role in the development of warships. The Navy’s high reliance on ...technology stems from its greater emphasis on platforms and equipment compared to the Army. As before, in today’s five operational domains, often combined with artificial intelligence, technology remains a critical factor in improving the effectiveness of naval operations. Given the multifaceted nature of naval warfare, this study takes a macro-level approach, using the innovative “wave” framework developed by Vincent P. O’Hara and Leonard R. Heinz to comprehensively examine how technology influences naval warfare and warship development.
Background. The article presents a generalized methodology with indicators and parameters for the development of technologies, structures and the necessary finances for the modernization and ...maintenance of the fleet at a technical and strategic level that is adequate to existing and predicted threats. The problem to be solved within the framework of this methodology is to determine the rational combat composition of general-purpose naval forces (GPNF) and combat equipment within the given limits of appropriations based on the parameters and indicators of the basic variant of their development. Materials and methods. The proposed methodology consists in performing the following activities: setting the initial conditions for carrying out calculations, such as: the decomposition of the weapons system of the GPNF, the combat strength at the beginning of the planning period, the dynamics of its degradation without taking into account the activities of the state armaments program (SAP), the list and boundary levels for solving problems by the forces and means of the GPNF, required for this the combat composition of the forces and means of the fleet, the cost parameters of the SAP measures; formation of a matrix of the state of forces and means of the GPNF, based on the initial conditions, and conditions at the end of the planning period; determination of a rational ratio of expenses for the development of the maritime strike component and other means of the GPNF based on the amount of appropriations allocated to the GPNF as a whole; solving the optimization problem of choosing a rational option for transforming the required combat (ship) composition of the GPNF under the allocated appropriation limit with the formation of a list of the main activities of the SAP based on the required (reference) option; assessment of the consequences of the implementation of the development of the GPNF in the format of the state matrix. Results. The result of the application of the methodology is the possibility of forming the values of the parameters that characterize the system of weapons of the GPNF, including the combat composition of the marine strike component of the GPNF, as well as the values of the indicators for solving problems for the fleets by the forces of the GPNF at the end of the program period. Conclusions. Carrying out the above works allows to reduce the total amount of appropriations allocated to the GPNF for the program period, including by life cycle stages. The main program activities of the SAP provide the obtained values of the combat strength of the fleets and the achieved levels of problem solving, while significantly increasing the stability indicators of the proposed option for the development of the marine strike component of the GPNF.
It is impossible to study the development of the legal regulation of naval forces without analysing the supranational legal component. Although the law of the sea, as defined above, has traditionally ...had an international private and public legal dimension, the relevant sources have for a long time been primarily customary and concerned primarily the commercial exploitation of the sea and merchant shipping. All references to the maritime power of states and their rights at sea in this dimension did not concern aspects of the specificities of military activity at sea. In fact, both normative references and doctrinal reflections on international, supranational standards of naval activity only began to emerge in the nineteenth century. The purpose of the article is to define the legal acts for the administrative regulation of the naval forces and to formulate approaches to universalising their definition based on the ontology of holistic approaches to legal regulation and doctrine making. Methodology. This study applies the methodology of interdisciplinary comparison, methods of content analysis and integration of heterogeneous features into the system, which allowed to obtain a new scientific approach, namely to characterise the legal regulation of naval forces in the context of its universalisation and to consider the formation of maritime policy in the future, including the national one. The main impetus for the development of holistic approaches to this type of activity should be seen in the adoption of bilateral and collective intergovernmental agreements on maritime issues, in particular. In particular, it is possible to refer to the documents that initiated the standardisation of the treatment of neutral and enemy ships at sea, which can be traced back to 1780. In addition, military and legal practice, especially in the context of the Black Sea Straits regime, has repeatedly raised the issue of determining the criteria for the affiliation of a particular ship to the navy. In the course of the nineteenth century, a significant number of bilateral treaties regulating aspects of naval cooperation were developed, taking into account the practice of national unilateral acts and decisions of courts martial and tribunals, and then became the subject of research by relevant scholars who were closely involved in naval practice and, at the same time, in the formation of norms. Results. The author concludes that at the supranational level, the issues of regulating the activities of naval forces have been traced in the treaty dimension since the late eighteenth century, primarily in the concepts of sovereignty, prohibition of privateering and prosecution of piracy, and restrictions on the activities of naval forces in certain areas. The unregulated nature of a number of aspects of supranational naval activities, notably the right of entry to foreign ports, the procedure for stopping and inspecting foreign merchant ships at sea, and the limits of the powers of foreign coastal authorities over a warship, has led to an active search for appropriate acceptable international customs and attempts to substantiate them with legal doctrine based on national statutes and the established practice of maritime states. The development of the relevant legislation is still in progress and is far from being completed, given the challenges of Ukrainian naval doctrine and the level of implementation and incorporation of international and foreign experience. In this regard, the naval policy in its internal and external dimensions is of particular importance, which is regulated both by national acts of an administrative and legal nature and by international legal sources of various origins.
This article examines the effect of the Colonial Naval Defence Act 1865, on the development of Australia's naval forces. During the colonial period the Act's part in enabling these forces to ...contribute not only to local defence but also to fulfilling a wider role in combination with the Royal Navy was limited. After Federation, while not a dead letter, the Act did not provide the legal basis for the creation of the Royal Australian Navy. Instead, the Commonwealth Parliament was able to rely on its own legislative powers to establish a navy.
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