This study explores family business succession. In this study, succession is compared to the concept of opportunity versus necessity entrepreneurship. The motivations of successors when they enter ...the succession process are examined to identify different conditions for family business success and sustainability. The influence of context is also considered. This study is based on multilevel research and a multidisciplinary perspective. Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) is applied to a sample of 383 observations from 6 countries (Portugal, Italy, Greece, Cyprus, North Macedonia, and Bulgaria) spanning 2 regions: southern European Mediterranean countries (Portugal, Italy, Greece, and Cyprus) and southern Slavic countries (North Macedonia and Bulgaria). The interplay between personal characteristics of the successor, organizational characteristics of the family business, and context produces different patterns that lead to different outcomes in the succession processes of family businesses. The results are important to strengthen family business theory and identify the conditions that best promote the future growth and sustainability of family businesses. The results are also important to promote country-specific public policies that may create better conditions for successors in family businesses to succeed.
Following Smiley’s (
The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 28
, 113–134
1963
) influential proposal, it has become standard practice to characterise notions of relative necessity in terms of simple strict ...conditionals. However, Humberstone (
Reports on Mathematical Logic, 13
, 33–42
1981
) and others have highlighted various flaws with Smiley’s now standard account of relative necessity. In their recent article, Hale and Leech (
Journal of Philosophical Logic, 46
, 1–26
2017
) propose a novel account of relative necessity designed to overcome the problems facing the standard account. Nevertheless, the current article argues that Hale & Leech’s account suffers from its own defects, some of which Hale & Leech are aware of but underplay. To supplement this criticism, the article offers an alternative account of relative necessity which overcomes these defects. This alternative account is developed in a quantified modal propositional logic and is shown model-theoretically to meet several desiderata of an account of relative necessity.
Developing the concept of institutional incongruence and employing panel data from 60 countries, we outline an alternative view of the informal economy and the effects of regulative institutions on ...entrepreneurship productivity. We find evidence that the informal economy's size is, largely, negatively associated with entrepreneurship productivity, and that in the presence of a large informal economy, governmental efforts to improve governance quality can be counterproductive. Our results suggest policy interventions aimed at changing institutions to practice formal entrepreneurship should be implemented cautiously to avoid inducing institutional incongruence.
•The informal economy mostly lowers entrepreneurship productivity.•Governments' efforts to improve governance may make things even worse.•The informal rules of the game shape outcomes of governance improvements.•Misaligned formal and informal institutions result in institutional incongruence.•Institutional incongruence should be minimized when improving governance.
Abstract With his doctrine of the “complete irresponsibility of man,” Nietzsche in different ways complicates the opposition between responsibility and irresponsibility. This article traces the ...different and conflicting senses of irresponsibility throughout Nietzsche’s development. First, the doctrine is shown to build on Nietzsche’s early study of Heraclitus (section I), whom Nietzsche admired for expounding and embodying a radical “innocence” that was both responsible and irresponsible in different senses. When presented as “philosophical conviction” in Human, All too Human , Nietzsche paradoxically speculates about the doctrine’s incorporation out of a sense of responsibility for the future of mankind (section II). Section III shows how Nietzsche’s later writings evince an increasing awareness of this paradox by explicitly positing complete irresponsibility as his own redemptive doctrine in Twilight of the Idols . After 1881, he has come to affirm a new notion of responsibility and criticizes a weak sense of irresponsibility as the abdication of one’s task. I end by discussing the relation of these different senses of irresponsibility, and argue that the fact that Nietzsche’s texts often deliberately complicate rather than clarify such distinctions is an important reflection of how he textually takes responsibility for “complete irresponsibility” (section IV).
La deriva expansionista tradicional sobre el territorio conlleva un consumo ilimitado de recursos, incluido el propio territorio, lo que debe hacer reflexionar sobre el significado del concepto ...Ordenación Territorial, sobre como el territorio no es el elemento activo en dicha ordenación, primando, bajo criterios de sostenibilidad, estrategia que se cuestiona, la planificación de actividades económicas por encima de las características intrínsecas del medio y sus recursos finitos, los cuales se subyugan, en la ecuación límite-beneficio, a las reglas de la economía de mercado, que no entienden de finitud en un medio sujeto a las veleidades del crecimiento por el crecimiento. Se propugna un cambio de paradigma en beneficio de posturas limitadoras, decrecentistas en su objetivo, que evite la depredación del medio y que coadyuve a la lucha contra los efectos disruptivos del cambio climático.
Highlights • We investigated the relationship between medication beliefs and adherence. • Necessity beliefs were significantly positively correlated with adherence. • Concern beliefs were ...significantly negatively correlated with adherence. • Necessity effect size was different in asthma and cardiovascular group.
Background: A computed tomography (CT) scan is one of the medical imaging methods that is currently used to diagnose and treat numerous diseases in a timely manner. Therefore, the widespread use of ...ionizing radiation in recent years has raised concerns about cancer. Given that individuals are exposed to ionizing radiation during a CT scan, they might be at a higher risk of developing cancer.
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the necessity of CT scan requests in hospitals affiliated with Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran, in 2019.
Methods: The statistical population consisted of 1,034 patients, selected by purposive sampling and relevant statistical formula. Patients’ information included gender, age, electronic code, and the imaged area. All the data were extracted by considering all ethical principles and recorded in prepared checklists. Additionally, the normality or abnormality of each CT scan was determined based on a radiologist’s report. The obtained information was analyzed by SPSS software (version 22).
Results: Out of 1,034 patients, 547 (52.9%) and 487 (47.1%) subjects were female and male, respectively. The CT scans consisted of 687 (66.44%), 296 (28.62%), and 51 (4.93%) of the brain, abdomen-pelvis, and neck, respectively. The lowest and highest percentages of unnecessary cases belonged to the CT scans of the neck (31.37%) and brain (64.48%).
Conclusions: In all tests, 58.6% of CT scans performed on patients were unnecessary. In addition to high doses of radiation endangering the patient’s health, these unnecessary procedures impose additional costs on the hospital and the patient.
The article provides a comparative analysis of the institute of «extreme necessity» in the field of criminal, administrative, civil law and the Federal Law «On Emergency Rescue Services and the ...Status of Rescuers». Based on the analysis there are revealed differences in the interpretation of the concept of «extreme necessity» in the above-mentioned normative legal acts. The concepts of «failed emergency» and «exceeding the limits of extreme necessity» are considered. The problems of responsibility in case of provocation of extreme necessity and in the investigation of cases involving the use of extreme necessity in the conditions of emergency rescue operations are formulated and options for their solutions are proposed.
In the context of Coronavirus Disease (2019) (COVID-19) cases globally, there is a lack of consensus across cultures on whether wearing face masks is an effective physical intervention against ...disease transmission. This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context. To achieve this goal, government should establish a risk adjusted strategy of mask use to scientifically publicize the use of masks, guarantee sufficient supply of masks, and cooperate for reducing health resources inequities.
Display omitted
•The mask is an effective non-pharmaceutical intervention of COVID-19.•The necessity of wearing masks by the public during COVID-19 is under-emphasized.•Mask use could prevent contact, droplet and possible aerosol transmission.•Risk-adjusted strategies of mask use by general public in different scenarios.•Mutual cooperation, publicizing, and sufficient supply of masks are recommended.
Scholarly interest in necessity entrepreneurship has risen steadily over the last four decades, with much of the research in this area focused on distinguishing individuals who are pushed into ...entrepreneurship by negative factors, such as unemployment, from those who are pulled into it by its attractiveness. Yet, although past research has extended knowledge considerably, the dichotomous framing commonly employed in studies in this realm has limited theoretical development, as it ignores important variation among necessity entrepreneurs and, hence, the processes by which they engage in entrepreneurship. In this paper, we seek to reconceptualize the necessity entrepreneurship construct by drawing on a motivational theory of necessity to predict how variation in founders' basic needs influences the entrepreneurial process, conditional on the level of their human capital endowments, the environmental context in which they are embedded, and the presence of supportive institutional levers. We conclude by discussing the implications of our study and the potential ways in which our theory can be tested and extended.
PDF
