On the necessity of essence Bovey, Gaétan
Philosophical studies,
07/2022, Volume:
179, Issue:
7
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
In the present inquiry, I defend the claim that the thesis that essence is the source of all (metaphysical) necessity is compromised. I argue that, on pain of circularity, essentialists cannot ...successfully account for the necessity of essences. In response to the difficulties I raise, I discuss potential solutions on behalf of essentialists and explain why I find none of them compelling. My conclusion on the matter is that the best essentialists can hope for is a view where the necessity of essences is left unexplained (by essences).
This paper identifies the combinations of fundamental entrepreneurial factors that drive the growth of new businesses under different economic conditions. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship ...Monitor (GEM) survey, the study focuses on two moments in Spain's recent economic cycle: the 2008 economic crisis and the economic boom prior to this downturn. The study presents an application of fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to identify the basic entrepreneurial characteristics (opportunity recognition and innovation) and drivers of entrepreneurship (necessity vs. opportunity) that increase the likelihood of success for new businesses during these two periods in the economic cycle. Results reveal that necessity-driven entrepreneurship is ineffective during recessions and that innovation and opportunity recognition are more relevant as success factors during periods of recession than during periods of prosperity. Results also show that the entrepreneur's perception of opportunities may be misleading in strong economies.
Desde la Antigüedad, el capítulo 9 de Sobre la interpretación de Aristóteles ha sido objeto de múltiples discusiones interpretativas: desde los principios lógicos que allí están en juego hasta la ...concepción aristotélica del tiempo y la necesidad. En el presente trabajo, nos proponemos dilucidar los compromisos físico-ontológicos de la teoría aristotélica de la verdad a partir del análisis del problema del valor de verdad de los enunciados sobre futuros contingentes. Nuestro abordaje de Sobre la interpretación 9 partirá de los conceptos de “causalidad”, “necesidad” y “azar”, tal como son conceptualizados en Física II. 1, 8, 9 y Metafísica V. 5 y VI. 3. En efecto, entendemos que la dificultosa reconstrucción de los argumentos allí formulados se debe a que Aristóteles no es explícito acerca de la concepción determinista contra la que discute. Debemos remitirnos a dichos tratados para dilucidar la argumentación determinista y la crítica aristotélica a esta posición.
Non-naturalists about the normative face the problem of providing a metaphysical explanation for the supervenience of the normative on the natural. Recently, Gideon Rosen has argued that ...non-naturalists can side-step this problem by rejecting strong supervenience and the view that normative truths are metaphysically necessary. Rosen proposes to take normative truths to be normatively necessary, where normative necessity is different from and irreducible to metaphysical necessity. I argue that if Rosen is right, that creates a deeper problem for robust ethical realism (the view that there are mind-independent, non-natural moral facts). According to robust ethical realism, it is a normative fact that persons are an especially valuable kind of being. But if Rosen is right, that is a metaphysically contingent fact. The existence of persons is also contingent. According to robust ethical realism, then, there is a striking match between what the normative facts happen to be and the kinds of beings that happen to exist. Persons could have failed to exist and they could have failed to be valuable, but it just so happens to be a fact about the natural world that they exist and a normative fact that they have value. Given that this match is accidental, it amounts to a miraculous coincidence. To the extent that commitment to unexplained coincidences counts against a view, robust ethical realism faces a problem.
This study undertakes a cross-country comparison of the relationship between entrepreneurship attitudes and high and low entrepreneurial activity. The analysis employs fuzzy-set Qualitative ...Comparative Analysis. The data set comes from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2011 survey, four country-level entrepreneurial attitudes and perceptions variables considered against Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity from a sample of 54 countries. This study provides comprehensive understanding of variations between individual countries at different levels of economic development and groups of countries in their level of opportunity and necessity-related entrepreneurial activity.
Workplace resilience is a necessity for organizations and employees given it assists them in overcoming adversity and ultimately succeeding. However, organizational scholars have largely overlooked ...this construct. In this Incubator, we briefly summarize extant research on workplace resilience to highlight opportunities for theory building and advancement of empirical research.
Introduction
Reducing smoking during pregnancy is a public health priority. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is offered routinely to pregnant women who smoke in the United Kingdom. However, ...evidence of treatment efficacy in this population is weak, most likely due to poor adherence. Guided by the Necessity‐Concerns Framework, we conducted a qualitative study to better understand pregnant women’s perceived needs and concerns regarding NRT use, with consideration of combination NRT.
Methods
Semi‐structured interviews were conducted by telephone with 18 pregnant or recently pregnant women in England and Wales, purposively sampled for different NRT‐related experiences. Participants were recruited online via Facebook adverts and through a Stop Smoking Service. A hybrid approach of deductive and inductive thematic coding was used for analysis.
Results
Findings were organized around three themes: 1) the role of motivation to stop smoking; 2) necessity beliefs about using NRT; and 3) concerns about NRT. Some women reported fluctuating motivation for stopping smoking which undermined their NRT use. Others used NRT to cut down the number of cigarettes they smoked. Reasons for low NRT necessity beliefs included a preference for quitting unassisted, low or unrealistic expectations of efficacy, and overconfidence in achieving cessation (necessity testing). Concerns included safety, particularly around increased nicotine exposure with combination NRT, addictiveness, side effects, and capability to use.
Conclusion
Pregnant women have multiple necessity beliefs and concerns that influence their use of NRT. Targeting these, alongside increasing and maintaining motivation to quit smoking, will likely help optimize NRT use in pregnancy and improve quit rates.
Consumer-lending discrimination in the FinTech Era Bartlett, Robert; Morse, Adair; Stanton, Richard ...
Journal of financial economics,
January 2022, 2022-01-00, 20220101, Volume:
143, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
U.S. fair-lending law prohibits lenders from making credit determinations that disparately affect minority borrowers if those determinations are based on characteristics unrelated to ...creditworthiness. Using an identification under this rule, we show risk-equivalent Latinx/Black borrowers pay significantly higher interest rates on GSE-securitized and FHA-insured loans, particularly in high-minority-share neighborhoods. We estimate these rate differences cost minority borrowers over $450 million yearly. FinTech lenders’ rate disparities were similar to those of non-Fintech lenders for GSE mortgages, but lower for FHA mortgages issued in 2009–2015 and for FHA refi mortgages issued in 2018–2019.
Although emerging countries are important and primary sources of entrepreneurs, especially those driven by economic necessity, research on how unique factors influence entrepreneurial motivations and ...subsequent behaviors remains underexplored. Given the salient characteristics of political inertia in emerging economies, this study investigates how political capabilities might influence formal entrepreneurship through entrepreneurial motivations (i.e., opportunity- and necessity-based motivation). We further examine how these impacts are shaped by market development since most emerging economies are experiencing extensive economic reforms. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and additional archival sources, we find that an entrepreneur's political capabilities have an increasingly positive effect on opportunity-based entrepreneurial motivation at high levels of market development. Furthermore, opportunity-based motivation has a positive impact on formal entrepreneurship, which becomes stronger as market development improves. Overall, this study extends prior studies by contextualizing entrepreneurship in emerging economies.
PDF
