En relación al Año Europeo del Desarrollo que se está viviendo en 2015,
esta investigación va a explorar la desconocida Cooperación al Desarrollo que realiza
Arabia Saudí como nuevo y cuantioso ...donante en la denominada Cooperación Sur-Sur.
Se tratarán de esclarecer las enormes diferencias en la Ayuda Oficial al Desarrollo
(AOD) que tiene este país en relación a los países pertenecientes al Comité de Ayuda al
Desarrollo (CAD) de la OCDE debido su sesgo musulmán/árabe característico. Por otro
lado, y pese a las limitaciones en lo relativo a la información, esta investigación va a
explorar las diferentes ramas, prominentemente bilaterales, por las que Arabia Saudí
implementa la ayuda. Así, algo que se destaca a lo largo de todo el trabajo es como la
Familia al-Saud es el eje central de toda la ayuda, tanto en decisión como en ejecución
de la misma.
Regarding to the European Year of Development we are living in 2015, this
paper will explore the unknown Cooperation for Development that Saudi Arabia makes
as new and substantial donor to the so-called South-South Cooperation. It will try to
clarify the enormous differences in Official Development Aid that this country does comparing to the countries belonging to the Development Assistance Committee (DAC)
of the OECD because of their Muslim / Arab inclination. Moreover, and despite the
limitations regarding to the data, this research will explore the different ways, bilateral
prominently, with which Saudi Arabia implements the aid. Also, something that stands
out over all the work is how the al-Saud family is the backbone of all aid decisions and
executions.
The generation of thermal donors (TDs) depends on initial oxygen concentration, annealing temperature and its duration. An annealing process at 450°C for several hours generates upto ≈10
16 cm
−3 ...TDs. We found that maximum concentration of TDs formed at 480°C was ≈1.0×10
15 cm
−3 which reduces to a minimum of ≈2.6×10
14 cm
−3 at 510°C suggesting thereby that the TDs got annihilated in this temperature range. The number of TDs now increases with a corresponding increase in annealing time giving birth to new donors (NDs). Activation energy for oxygen diffusion was found to be 0.6±0.1 eV and of silicon self interstitials ≈0.4 eV. Therefore, it is quite logical to conclude that oxygen diffusion at low temperatures depends on the transport of the self interstitials which are chiefly due to the formation of molecule-like oxygen clusters. This confirms the formation and diffusion of molecule-like oxygen clusters in silicon at low temperatures.
Major DAC donors are widely criticized for weak targeting of aid, selfish aid motives and insufficient coordination. The emergence of an increasing number of new donors may further complicate the ...coordination of international aid efforts. On the other hand, new donors (many of which were aid recipients until recently) may have competitive advantages in allocating aid according to need and merit. Project-level data on aid by new donors, as collected by the PLAID initiative, allow for empirical analyses comparing the allocation behavior of new versus old donors. We employ Probit and Tobit models and test for significant differences in the distribution of aid by new and old donors across recipient countries. We find that new donors (i) focus on closer neighbors, (ii) care less for recipient need, (iii) exhibit a weaker bias towards badly governed countries, (iv) respond to disasters, but with fewer resources than old donors, and (v) do not pursue commercial self interest.
Foreign aid from China is often characterized as ‘rogue aid’ that is not guided by recipient need but by China’s national interests alone. However, no econometric study so far confronts this claim ...with data. We make use of various datasets, covering the 1956-2006 period, to empirically test to which extent political and commercial interests shape China’s aid allocation decisions. We estimate the determinants of China’s allocation of project aid, food aid, medical staff and total aid money to developing countries, comparing its allocation decisions with traditional and other so-called emerging donors. We find that political considerations are an important determinant of China’s allocation of aid. However, in comparison to other donors, China does not pay substantially more attention to politics. In contrast to widespread perceptions, we find no evidence that China’s aid allocation is dominated by natural resource endowments. Moreover, China’s allocation of aid seems to be widely independent of democracy and governance in recipient countries. Overall, denominating aid from China as ‘rogue aid’ seems unjustified.
Foreign aid from China is often characterized as „rogue aid‟ that is not guided by recipient need but by China‟s national interests alone. However, no econometric study so far confronts this claim ...with data. We make use of various datasets, covering the 1956-2006 period, to empirically test to which extent political and commercial interests shape China‟s aid allocation decisions. We estimate the determinants of China‟s allocation of project aid, food aid, medical teams and total aid money to developing countries, comparing its allocation decisions with traditional and other so-called emerging donors. We find that political considerations are an important determinant of China‟s allocation of aid. However, in comparison to other donors, China does not pay substantially more attention to politics. In contrast to widespread perceptions, we find no evidence that China‟s aid allocation is dominated by natural resource endowments. Moreover, China‟s allocation of aid seems to be widely independent of democracy and governance in recipient countries. Overall, denominating aid from China as „rogue aid‟ seems unjustified.
Foreign aid from China is often characterized as ‘rogue aid’ that is not guided by recipient need but by China’s national interests alone. However, no econometric study so far confronts this claim ...with data. We make use of various datasets, covering the 1956-2006 period, to empirically test to which extent political and commercial interests shape China’s aid allocation decisions. We estimate the determinants of China’s allocation of project aid, food aid, medical teams and total aid money to developing countries, comparing its allocation decisions with traditional and other so-called emerging donors. We find that political considerations are an important determinant of China’s allocation of aid. However, in comparison to other donors, China does not pay substantially more attention to politics. In contrast to widespread perceptions, we find no evidence that China’s aid allocation is dominated by natural resource endowments. Moreover, China’s allocation of aid seems to be widely independent of democracy and governance in recipient countries. Overall, denominating aid from China as ‘rogue aid’ seems unjustified.
Major DAC donors are widely criticized for weak targeting of aid, selfish aid motives and insufficient coordination. The emergence of an increasing number of new donors may further complicate the ...coordination of international aid efforts. On the other hand, new donors (many of which were aid recipients until recently) may have competitive advantages in allocating aid according to need and merit. Project-level data on aid by new donors, as collected by the PLAID initiative, allow for empirical analyses comparing the allocation behavior of new versus old donors. We employ Probit and Tobit models and test for significant differences in the distribution of aid by new and old donors across recipient countries. We find that new donors (i) focus on closer neighbors, (ii) care less for recipient need, (iii) exhibit a weaker bias towards badly governed countries, (iv) respond to disasters, but with fewer resources than old donors, and (v) do not pursue commercial self interest.
Major DAC donors are widely criticized for weak targeting of aid, selfish aid motives and insufficient coordination. The emergence of an increasing number of new donors may further complicate the ...coordination of international aid efforts. On the other hand, new donors (many of which were aid recipients until recently) may have competitive advantages in allocating aid according to need and merit. Project-level data on aid by new donors, as collected by the PLAID initiative, allow for empirical analyses comparing the allocation behavior of new versus old donors. We employ Probit and Tobit models and test for significant differences in the distribution of aid by new and old donors across recipient countries. We find that new donors (i) focus on closer neighbors, (ii) care less for recipient need, (iii) exhibit a weaker bias towards badly governed countries, (iv) respond to disasters, but with fewer resources than old donors, and (v) do not pursue commercial self interest.
Major DAC donors are widely criticized for weak targeting of aid, selfish aid motives and insufficient coordination. The emergence of an increasing number of new donors may further complicate the ...coordination of international aid efforts. On the other hand, new donors (many of which were aid recipients until recently) may have competitive advantages in allocating aid according to need and merit. Project-level data on aid by new donors, as collected by the PLAID initiative, allow for empirical analyses comparing the allocation behavior of new versus old donors. We employ Probit and Tobit models and test for significant differences in the distribution of aid by new and old donors across recipient countries. We find that new donors (i) focus on closer neighbors, (ii) care less for recipient need, (iii) exhibit a weaker bias towards badly governed countries, (iv) respond to disasters, but with fewer resources than old donors, and (v) do not pursue commercial self interest.
