Bohinj je alpska kotlina na jugovzhodnem delu Julijskih Alp. Stalno je poseljena od starejše železne dobe, kolonizirali pa so jo ljudje iz Posočja zaradi bogatih nahajališč železove rude. ...Nastale so prve vasi v dolini z gospodarskim zaledjem v visokogorju, kot kažejo najdbe z Dolge planje na Prvem Voglu in Bošinke nad Dednim poljem. Keramika in ostanki temeljev koč nakazujejo možnost, da se je v tem času v visokogorju, poleg rudarjenja, začelo alpsko kmetovanje s sto- penjsko pašo iz vasi na visoka naravna travnata območja – planine, ki se je ohranilo vse do danes.
U radu se obrađuje nastojanje Dubrovačke Republike oko pribavljanja fermana za trebinjsko-mrkanskog biskupa Nikolu Ferića i njegove svećenike da mogu slobodno i bez uznemiravanja djelovati na ...području Trebinjske biskupije koja je bila pod osmanskom vlašću. Postupak je potrajao više godina, od prvog pokušaja 1792. do dobivanja fermana što se izgleda dogodilo tek krajem 1798. Glavna prepreka bio je bosanski paša Husamuddin koji je za izdavanje svog arza (predstavke) tražio svotu novca koju Dubrovčani nisu bili spremni isplatiti. Biskup Nikola Ferić bio je ujedno i posljednji trebinjsko-mrkanski biskup, 1792-1819. U radu je ukratko donesen njegov curriculum vitae. Navedeni su također fermani koje je Republika isposlovala za njegove prethodnike.
While researching the manuscripts by Bosniak Muslims in Oriental languages in Bosnian literary criticism, we could notice the different approaches, varying from philological and literary-historical ...to the theoretical-literary approach, and very often could see the various problems at the level of understanding the essence of the work message. The current theoretical literature is striving to exceed the fluid boundaries of genres, and from the other hand, the personality of the author as a subject of the work has been extremely relativized. Although the term of autobiography seems to be easy to understand, there are several possible interpretations and problems of the pure theoretical nature, in the literary theory. From the other hand, while studying the autobiographies by Bosniaks authors in Oriental languages in Ottoman period, we could also notice some interesting new approaches in current literary criticism, which are insufficient for a proper understanding the theoretical description of the phenomenon itself. In the Bosniaks literature in Oriental languages, the particular problems of poetic conceptualization of authors subject in the text are evident, and they complicate the reception of just complicated term of poetic and biographical self-reference, together with the manners of overemphasized auto-reference. The mentioned issues in the scope of theoretical boundaries of definitions, as well as the other significant issues in the field, are described in this work.
Sudbina ramsko-sinjskih franjevaca koji su se 1698. na svome imanju u Čitluku pokraj Sinja suprotstavili osmanskoj vojsci koju je predvodio Mustafa-paša Daltaban relativno je dobro poznata iz ...kroničarskih opisa. Većina fratara izgubila je život, a gvardijan ramskog, tj. sinjskog samostana fra Pavao Vučković odveden je u osmansko sužanjstvo. O njegovoj se sudbini ipak dugo nije ništa znalo, tako da je pismo, otkriveno u proljeće 2015. u Državnom arhivu u Veneciji, koje je on poslao iz zatočeništva u Urfi (danas Şanlıurfa u Turskoj, nekoć drevna Edesa), prekinulo dugo razdoblje strepnje oko njegove sudbine. Pismo je fra Pavao uputio svome bratu, serdaru Tadiji, zatim sinovcima, rodbini i prijateljima. Više je zanimljivih okolnosti koje su pismom rasvijetljene, a neke prethodne tvrdnje o njegovoj sudbini poslije zarobljavanja dovedene su u pitanje.
The Mediterranean area is a natural biodiversity hotspot that has also been influenced by humans for millennia. Especially the grasslands of Southern Europe have long been known for their diversity ...and beauty. However, several gaps remain in our knowledge about these grasslands, e.g. for some regions such as the southern Balkans, or taxonomic groups such as cryptogams. Here we introduce a Special Issue with contributions from the 9th European Dry Grassland Group meeting held in Prespa, Greece, 2012. The topic of this meeting was “Dry grasslands of Europe: grazing and ecosystem services” with special focus on Southern European regions. The Special Issue, apart from this Editorial, consists of eight contributions arranged according to the three major topics: syntaxonomy (5 articles), management (2) and conservation (1). The classification papers include descriptions of four new associations and four subassociations. Data about management practices are provided as well. We conclude that dry grassland vegetation in Southern Europe exhibits transitions between different higher syntaxa and thus requires further studies at broader scales to allow better understanding at the supranational scale.
Mediteran je naravna vroča točka biodiverzitete, na katero je človek tisočletja močno vplival. Po svoji raznolikosti in lepoti so še posebej že dolgo znana travišča južne Evrope, vendar so v poznavanju teh travišč prisotne številne vrzeli na območju južnega Balkana ali posameznih taksonomskih skupin, kot so kriptogami. Predstavljamo posebno številko s prispevki z 9. srečanja Evropske skupine za suha travišča (European Dry Grassland Group), ki je bilo leta 2012 v mestu Prespa (Grčija). Tema srečanja je bila “Suha travišča Evrope: paša in ekosistemske storitve” s posebnim poudarkom na območjih južne Evrope. Posebno številko poleg tega uvodnika sestavlja osem prispevkov, ki smo jih uredili v tri glavne teme: sintaksonomijo (5 člankov), gospodarjenje (2) in ohranjanje travišč (1). Članki o klasifikaciji vsebujejo opise štirih novih asociacij in štirih subasociacij. Prav tako vsebujejo podatke o načinu gospodarjenja. Zaključimo lahko, da kaže vegetacija suhih travišč v južni Evropi prehod med različnimi višjimi sintaksoni in zato so potrebne nadaljnje raziskave v večjem merilu, ki bodo omogočile boljše razumevanje v nadnacionalnem merilu.
Melisopalinološkom analizom uzoraka meda s područja Požeške kotline utvrđen je peludni spektar koji ukazuje na botaničko podrijetlo meda. Najzastupljeniji je bio pelud vrsta iz porodica Asteraceae (6 ...svojti), Fabaceae (5 svojti), Rosaceae (4 svojte) i Fagaceae (3 svojte), dok je u najvećem broju uzoraka bio prisutan pelud svojti Brassica spp., Robinia pseudoacacia, Prunus spp. i Populus spp. Utvrđena su dva monoflorna repičina meda te po jedan kestenov i bagremov med, dok su ostali pripadali poliflornim vrstama meda. Tri poliflorna meda imala su značajan udio peluda svojti Brassica spp., a dva meda visok udjel peluda amorfe. Razdoblje cvatnje medonosnih biljaka ukazuje na to da su najznačajnije pčelinje paše Požeške kotline u travnju, svibnju i lipnju.
Autorstvo »Paše duhovne Knezović, Pavao
Nova prisutnost,
11/2018, Volume:
XVI, Issue:
3
Journal Article, Paper
Peer reviewed
Open access
Biskup fra Rafo Barišić, dok se nalazio u Rimu zbog spora s upravom provincije Bosne srebrene, sakupio je nekoliko knjižica na talijanskom i latinskom jeziku (prvenstveno onih koje donose molitve za ...čije su moljenje razne oproste dali pojedini pape) i, uz pomoć svoga tajnika fra Marka Kalamuta, sastavio je molitvenu knjigu nazvanu »Paša duhovna« (Rim, 1842.) koju je narod jednostavno nazivao »Biskupova knjiga«. U njezinu predgovoru (str. 5-15) Barišić je obradio gotovo potpun program ilirskog preporoda. Međutim, u ovom se radu nastoji pružiti suvisao odgovor zbog čega se u svim biografijama »Pašu duhovnu« navodi među Barišićevim glavnim djelima, iako neki navode da je to prijevod. Međutim, samo desetak što kraćih, što dužih pjesama, oko 640 stihova, jest ispjevao fra Rafo Barišić. Učinio je to jer je znao da se njegovu puku sviđaju stihovi pa se i on okušao u stvaranju sakralne poezije. K tome treba imati na umu da svatko tko je znao čitati, morao je to činiti naglas da bi i neuki puk naučio što se nalazi u »Biskupovoj knjizi«. Svakako da su za recitiranje prikladniji stihovi nego proza. Barišić je bio slab pjesnik i čini se da je svu snagu »potrošio« na stvaranje rime (koja je posvuda pravilna) i teološki ispravnog sadržaja. Ipak treba reći da se u tim Barišićevim osmeračkim pjesmama nalaze mnogi veoma dobri distisi.
While in Rome due to the dispute he had with the authority of the province Bosnia Argentum, bishop friar Rafo Barišić had collected a few booklets in Italian and Latin (primarily, he collected booklets containing prayers for which different popes were giving forgiveness) and with the assistance of his secretary friar Marko Kalamut compiled a booklet of prayers entitled Spiritual Pasture (Rome, 1842), which was popularly referred to as Bishop’s book. In the foreword (p 5-15) Barišić elaborated upon the entire programme of the Illyrian Movement. However, this paper will propose the solid reasoning on why Spiritual Pasture has been considered one of Barišić’s main works by many biographers, even though some of them have referred to it as a translation. Nevertheless, only a dozen shorter and longer poems, approximately 640 verses, were composed by friar Rafo Barišić. Having in mind that his congregation/people liked poems, he made an attempt to create sacral poetry. Thereto, it is worth noting that any literate person had to read aloud so that illiterate people could learn things from the Bishop’s book. It is definitely more appropriate to recite verses than prose. Barišić was a weak poet and it seems that he put all his strength into making up rhymes (which are perfect) and delivering theologically exact content. None the less, it should be pointed out that Barišić’s octameter poems are comprised of numerous solid couplets.
This study focuses on mesic and xeric grasslands of mostly secondary origin, and that are influenced by human activity. Mesic grasslands are traditionally used for hay-making, and xeric ones for ...pastures. Over the last 20 years, livestock farming in Bulgaria has significantly declined so that less grass is needed. Many types of grasslands are no longer used and lots of abandoned fields can be found nowadays in Bulgaria. The analyses in this study are based on 868 releves collected on xeric and mesic grasslands according to the methodological approach of Braun- Blanquet. As a result, five alliances within two classes are recognized: the class Festuco-Brometea, represented by three alliances, namely Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati, Chrysopogono-Danthonion calycinae and Festucion valesiacae, and the class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, represented by two alliances, namely Arrhenatherion elatioris and Cynosurion cristati. The majority of the managed grasslands are situated in close proximity to settlements. Most of the abandoned areas (30%) are found within Cirsio-Brachypodion alliance. These grasslands are characterized by the highest values of total cover of vegetation. They are located in the most distant and least accessible areas. If use is not resumed, all the abandoned grasslands will be under threat of extinction in the near future. At the same time, many arable lands have been abandoned and turned into grasslands by the processes of secondary succession.
V raziskavi smo se osredotočili na mezična in kserična travišča večinoma sekundarnega nastanka, ki so pod vplivom človekovih aktivnosti. Mezična travišča se tradicionalno uporabljajo za seno, kserična pa kot pašniki. V Bolgariji je živinoreja v zadnjih 20 letih močno upadla in je potreba po krmi manjša. S številnimi tipi travišč ne gospodarijo več in danes je v Bolgariji moč najti številne opuščene površine. V analizi smo zbrali 868 vegetacijskih popisov kseričnih in mezičnih travišč, narejenih z Braun-Blanquetovo metodo. Uvrstili smo jih v pet zvez in dva razreda: razred Festuco-Brometea, ki ga predstavljajo tri zveze Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati, Chrysopogono- Danthonion calycinae in Festucion valesiacae in razred Molinio-Arrhenatheretea z dvema zvezama Arrhenatherion elatioris in Cynosurion cristati. Večina vzdrževanih travišč se nahaja v bližini naselij. Večino opuščenih površin (30%) uvrščamo v zvezo Cirsio-Brachypodion in za te travnike je značilno, da imajo največjo skupno pokrovno vrednost in se nahajajo v najbolj oddaljenih, težko dostopnih območjih. Če jih ne bomo ponovno začeli uporabljati, bodo v bližnji prihodnosti izginili. Obenem se opuščajo tudi številne obdelovalne površine, ki se spreminjajo v travnike v procesu sekundarne sukcesije.
Grazing animals explore different forage resources to satisfy their daily nutrient needs, following specific spatial and temporal patterns throughout the year. In this study four different flocks of ...sheep and goats (two of each species) were selected to record their spatial location with a handheld GPS during spring, summer and winter. At the same time, three animals in each flock were followed to study their grazing activities by direct observation. These data with the time information and a detailed land use map were manipulated in a GIS to assign animal activities to different forage resources. Sheep and goats were travelling long distances (7.5 km and 9.0 km, respectively) to satisfy their nutritional needs throughout the year. They were found to graze in two main forage resources, rangelands (grasslands, shrublands and forest ranges) and agricultural land (fallow land, stubble fields and temporary pastures). Both grazer species spent significantly less time (P≤ 0.05) feeding in rangelands (38.9% & 18.1%) than in agricultural land (63.6% & 53.4%) during spring and summer. It appears that a heterogeneous landscape is necessary for supporting extensive farming systems of small ruminants since rangelands and agricultural land complement each other in providing forage throughout the year.
Pašne živali se hranijo z različnimi krmnimi rastlinami, da zadostijo svojim dnevnim potrebam po hrani, pri tem sledijo različnim prostorskim in časovnim vzorcem skozi leto. V raziskavi smo izbrali štiri različne črede ovac in koz (dve za vsako vrsto) in opazovali njihovo prostorsko razporeditev z ročnim GPS spomladi, poleti in jeseni. Istočasno smo tri živali v vsaki čredi neposredno opazovali pri paši. Podatke o času in natančno karto rabe tal smo obdelali v GIS-u, da smo dobili povezavo med aktivnostmi živali in različnimi krmnimi rastlinami. Ovce in koze so prehodile dolge razdalje (od 7,5 km do 9,0 km), da so v celotnem letu zadovoljile potrebe po hrani. Pasle so se na dveh glavnih tipih krme: pašnikih (travišča, grmišča in gozdni robovi) in kmetijskih površinah (prahe, strnišča in začasni pašniki). Obe vrsti sta se statistično značilno (P≤ 0.05) pasli krajši čas na pašnikih (38,9% in 18,1%) kot na kmetijskih površinah (63,6% in 53,4%) v spomladanskem in poletnem času. Očitno je, da je pestrost krajine nujna za ekstenzivne kmetijske sisteme z drobnico, saj se pašniki in kmetijske površine dopolnjujejo pri celoletni oskrbi s krmo.
The vegetation of low-altitude dry heathlands in Central Europe (Euphorbio cyparissiae-Callunion vulgaris) has declined because the abandonment of traditional management has resulted in gradual ...overgrowth by woody species and because nutrient inputs have changed. Low-intensity grazing and sod-cutting, which are traditionally recommended to regenerate heather (Calluna vulgaris) vegetation from the seed bank, were introduced to restore stands of heather that had disappeared. The study was conducted in the Zlatnice Nature Reserve, located in the northwestern part of Prague (Czech Republic). A system of 1 m2 permanent plots was used to collect the data. Both grazing and sod-cutting were effective for the restoration of the Calluna vulgaris vegetation. During the two years after the introduction of grazing, the greatest increase in the heather cover occurred in the grazed areas. The heather cover in the areas managed by sod-cutting started to increase significantly in the third year following the removal of sods and reached values comparable with the grazed areas. Regular grazing hindered the increase in the cover of herbs; the increase in the herb cover was higher after single sodcutting. Sod-cutting facilitated the expansion of mosses. The experiment suggests that non-intensive sheep and goat grazing is most likely the most appropriate tool to restore dry heathland on shallow poor soils when more than 20 years have elapsed since the disappearance of the heathland. The use of sod-cutting itself is more demanding and brings a higher risk of overgrowth by unwanted herbs and woody species, resulting in repeated degradation of the Calluna vulgaris vegetation.
Vegetacija nižinskih suhih vresav v srednji Evropi (Euphorbio cyparissiae-Callunion vulgaris) je v upadanju zaradi opuščanja tradicionalnega gospodarjenja in to se kaže v postopnem zaraščanju z lesnatimi rastlinami in spremenjenem vnosu hranil. Za obnovitev sestojev z vreso, ki so izginili, smo uporabili pašo z nizko intenzivnostjo in košnjo, ki sta tradicionalno priporočena načina za obnavljanje vegetacije z vreso (Calluna vulgaris) iz semenske banke. Raziskavo smo opravili v naravnem rezervatu Zlatnice, ki se nahaja v severozahodnem delu Prage (Češka republika). Vzpostavili smo sistem stalnih 1 m2 ploskev. Za obnovitev vegetacije z vrsto Calluna vulgaris sta bila uspešna tako paša kot košnja. Pokrovnost vrese se je povečala dve leti po začetku poskusa s pašo, na površinah s košnjo pa se je značilno povečala tretje leto in vrednosti so bile primerljive s pašenimi površinami. Redna paša je ovirala povečanje pokrovnosti zelišč, medtem ko se je njihova pokrovnost povečala po posamezni košnji. Košnja je tudi vplivala na povečanje pokrovnosti mahov. Poizkus je pokazal, da je slabo intenzivna paša ovac in koz verjetno najbolj primeren način obnove suhih vresav na plitvih, s hranili revnih tleh, po več kot 20 let od uničenja vresave. Košnja je bolj zahtevna, pojavlja pa se tudi možnost razraščanja nezaželjenih zelišč in lesnatih rastlin, kar zopet vodi v degradacijo vegetacije z vrsto Calluna vulgaris.
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