The benefits of a Complex Segment representation for palatals have been considered in the light of gliding processes which turn these consonants into glides. Gliding processes have sometimes been ...described as «destridentization» and «delateralization». But this view gives no explanation of why vocalization is restricted to sorne segments, and plain stridents and laterals do not suffer from it. I have examined gliding processes affecting stridents and laterals to show that a solution based on Feature Geometry is required. The crucial observation is that every speech sound must have a major articulator, and that this constraint applies along the phonological derivation. Since Coronal is the unmarked specification for Place, its presence crucially depends on that of its subordinate features, Strident and Lateral. In this way, if a rule removes Strident or Lateral from the representation, Coronal will also be lost. Consequently, the remaining Dorsal articulator is interpreted as Primary, resulting in a glide. My paper has focused on two cases that involve the delinking of a dependent of Coronal in Majorcan Catalan.
Are palatal consonants articulated by multiple tongue gestures (coronal and dorsal) or by a single gesture that brings the tongue into contact with the palate at several places of articulation? The ...lenition of palatal consonants (resulting in approximants) has been presented as evidence that palatals are simple, not complex: When reduced, they do not lose their coronal gesture and become dorsals; instead, they manifest reduced linguopalatal contact while retaining their anterior place of articulation. The frequently-reported deocclusivization of the Brazilian Portuguese (BP) palatal nasal may support this claim. However, the linguopalatal configuration of this sound has not been studied directly. Electropalatographic evidence from three speakers of BP (compared with data from three speakers of Peninsular Spanish) demonstrates that the palatal nasal is frequently realized as an approximant. There is no evidence of anterior occlusion in BP’s post-palatal, lenited nasal. Under conditions of focus/hyperarticulation, there is no evidence of stronger/more anterior occlusion. We argue that the articulatory target of the BP palatal nasal is neither occluded nor anterior.
This study presents EPG (electro-palatographic) data on (alveo-)palatal consonants from two Australian languages, Arrernte and Warlpiri. (Alveo-)palatal consonants are phonemic for stop, lateral and ...nasal manners of articulation in both languages, and are laminal articulations. However, in Arrernte, these lamino-(alveo-)palatals contrast with lamino-dental consonants for all three manners of articulation (i.e., it is a double-laminal language), whereas in Warlpiri this laminal contrast does not exist (i.e., it is a single-laminal language). Data are analyzed according to manner of articulation, vowel context and phrase position. Results suggest that in the double-laminal language Arrernte, the (alveo-)palatal articulation is further back than in the single-laminal language Warlpiri, presumably due to the presence of the lamino-dental in the Arrernte phoneme inventory. The lateral has the least contact in the back regions of the palate for both languages, but there is no significant difference in contact pattern between the stop and the nasal. However, results tentatively suggest that the nasal (alveo-)palatal is the most likely to show effects of prosodic or vocalic context, and it is suggested that this is due to the less strict airflow requirements for the nasal than for the stop or the lateral.
: El estudio trata de llenar una laguna existente en los estudios diacrónicos en torno al sistema grafemático de la lengua italiana, consistente en el análisis del mismo a través de los textos ...vulgares de los siglos XIV y XV, cercanos a la lengua vulgar y sujetos a los incesantes cambios que se producen en esta época de inestabilidad lingüística. Con esas premisas, se aborda el estudio de la representación gráfica de los fonemas más controvertidos como son los de las dentoalveolares africadas, las prepalatales africadas, la palatal lateral, la palatal nasal, etc., incluyendo numerosos ejemplos, señalando claramente la procedencia de los mismos.ABSTRACT: In this paper we will try to fill a gap in diachronic studies about Italian graphematic system, throug the analysis of 14th and 15th centuries vulgar texts, close to vulgar language and exposed to constant changes in this period of linguistic instability. On this basis, we will study the graphic representation of controversial phonemes such as dental affricates, alveolar fricatives, palatal liquids and palatal nasals, including examples and establishing its origin.
To update the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center's experience with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC).
Between September 1998 and April 2009, ...442 patients with histologically confirmed OPC underwent IMRT at our center. There were 379 men and 63 women with a median age of 57 years (range, 27-91). The disease was Stage I in 2%, Stage II in 4%, Stage III in 21%, and Stage IV in 73% of patients. The primary tumor subsite was tonsil in 50%, base of tongue in 46%, pharyngeal wall in 3%, and soft palate in 2%. The median prescription dose to the planning target volume of the gross tumor was 70 Gy for definitive (n = 412) cases and 66 Gy for postoperative cases (n = 30). A total 404 patients (91%) received chemotherapy, including 389 (88%) who received concurrent chemotherapy, the majority of which was platinum-based.
Median follow-up among surviving patients was 36.8 months (range, 3-135). The 3-year cumulative incidence of local failure, regional failure, and distant metastasis was 5.4%, 5.6%, and 12.5%, respectively. The 3-year OS rate was 84.9%. The incidence of late dysphagia and late xerostomia ≥Grade 2 was 11% and 29%, respectively.
Our results confirm the feasibility of IMRT in achieving excellent locoregional control and low rates of xerostomia. According to our knowledge, this study is the largest report of patients treated with IMRT for OPC.
ObjectivesPalatal rugae are periodic structures situated in the palatal mucosa, often used as landmarks for human identification and superimposition of digital dental models. This review aims to ...collect the current evidence regarding whether orthodontic palatal expansion could affect the stability of the palatal rugae and to give preliminary guidelines.Materials and methodsA systematic review of the literature was performed in the scientific databases Pubmed; Embase; WoS; and Cochrane. Grey Literature was also sought (clinicaltrial.gov; ICTRP; AHRQ; INAHTA). The search protocol, was registered in PROSPERO (N*208722). Data extraction comprised: year of publication, journal, sample size, characteristics of the experimental and control group, type of expander, expansion protocol, rugae classification, measurement method on casts, time between casts, method error, rugae change, morphology change and overall outcome. Risk of bias of the included articles was evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.ResultsA total of 12394 manuscripts were retrieved after duplicate removal. From these, nine articles were finally included for data extraction. three studies scored as low risk of bias, two as medium and four as high.ConclusionsThe morphology of the palatal rugae can be modified by palatal expansion techniques, especially by rapid maxillary expansion. The first rugae is the most stable along with the points close to the palatal midline, which should be used as a reference both for manual or semi-automatic superimpositions. Human identification and serial superimpositions based on palatal rugae should not be carried immediately post expansion and be taken in consideration with caution in patients who underwent prior palatal expansion.
Poor speech improvement after levator veli palatini (LVP) reconstruction may be related to intraoperative vascular injury. We aimed to examine the vascular anatomy of the velopharyngeal muscles to ...provide a guide for arterial protection in cleft palate repair. Fresh adult cadaveric heads were injected with gelatin/lead oxide. The velopharyngeal specimens were stained with iodine and scanned using micro‐computed tomography. Three‐dimensional reconstruction models were obtained using a computer‐aided design software. The ascending palatine artery (APaA), especially the posterior branch, is the main artery supplying the velopharyngeal muscles. The posterior branch of the APaA reaches the dorsal part of the musculus uvulae in the posterior one third of the soft palate (SP) and lies 1.75 mm (standard deviation, 0.06) under the nasal mucosa; the anterior branch penetrates the anterolateral side of the LVP to reach the anterior one third of the SP and lies 7.09 mm (0.03) under the oral mucosa. The posterior APaA, anterior ApaA, and ApaA trunk had mean diameters of 0.41 mm (0.04), 0.46 mm (0.06), and 0.65 mm (0.04) at 0.5, 1, and 1.5 cm distance from the palatal midline, respectively. To minimize vascular injury, mobilization of muscles during intravelar veloplasty should be performed within a distance of 1 cm from the palatal midline, and dissection of the oral submucosa should be reduced in the anterior one third of the SP, while wide dissection of the nasal submucosal should be avoided in the posterior one third of the SP.
