The present study examined bidirectional effects between maternal and paternal parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, permissive) and infant temperament (negative affect, ...orienting/regulatory capacity, surgency) in a diverse sample of 201 mothers and 151 fathers. Using 3 waves of longitudinal data (prenatal, 6 months, and 18 months), this study examined (a) whether maternal and paternal parenting styles prospectively predicted infant temperament; (b) whether mother- and father-reported infant temperament domains predicted parenting styles at 18 months; and (c) whether infant temperament and parenting styles at 6 months predicted parent-reported externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors at 18 months. Mothers and fathers reported on their expected parenting styles at all three waves, infant temperament at 6 months, and their toddler's emerging internalizing and externalizing problems at 18 months. Prospective parenting style effects revealed that maternal authoritative and permissive parenting style predicted infant orienting/regulatory capacity. Child evocative effects indicated infant orienting/regulatory capacity and negative affect predicted greater maternal permissive parenting style. Significant prospective parenting style effects on infant temperament and child evocative effects on paternal parenting style were largely not observed. Several parenting styles and infant temperament domains at 6 months predicted toddlers' externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors but results differed by parent. Findings suggest maternal prenatal perceptions of parenting style predict infant temperament, but temperament can also affect subsequent parenting. More research is needed to identify fathers' bidirectional effects including how fathering is affected by their children's characteristics.
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Parental practices such as inconsistent discipline, psychological control, and imposition have been linked to the development of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors in preadolescents. ...This study aimed to identify the association these practices had on Mexican preadolescent problem behaviors through Structural Equation Modeling. The sample consisted of 306 elementary students from three public schools in Mexico City (age M = 10, SD = 0.92). Students completed subscales from the Parental Practice Scale, the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Paternal imposition and maternal psychological control were significant predictors for internalizing problems, while inconsistent discipline was a significant predictor of externalizing problems. The results highlight that although parental practice values might differ across cultures, their association to problem behaviors are similar.
Parental practices such as inconsistent discipline, psychological control, and imposition have been linked to the development of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors in preadolescents. ...This study aimed to identify the association these practices had on Mexican preadolescent problem behaviors through Structural Equation Modeling. The sample consisted of 306 elementary students from three public schools in Mexico City (age M = 10, SD = 0.92). Students completed subscales from the Parental Practice Scale, the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Paternal imposition and maternal psychological control were significant predictors for internalizing problems, while inconsistent discipline was a significant predictor of externalizing problems. The results highlight that although parental practice values might differ across cultures, their association to problem behaviors are similar. Las practicas parentales como disciplina inconsistente, control psicologico e imposicion se han vinculado con el desarrollo de problemas de conducta internalizada y externalizada en preadolescentes. Este estudio busco identificar la asociacion de estas practicas en el desarrollo de problemas de conducta en preadolescentes mexicanos, a traves de ecuaciones estructurales (306 estudiantes de primarias publicas en la Ciudad de Mexico, Edad M = 10, DE = 0.92). Los estudiantes completaron Escalas de Practicas Parentales, el Cuestionario de Parentalidad de Alabama, asi como el Cuestionario de Fortalezas y Dificultades. La imposicion paterna y el control psicologico materno predijeron problemas internalizados, mientras que la disciplina inconsistente fue un predictor de externalizados. Los resultados demuestran que aunque los valores detras de las practicas parentales difieran entre culturas, sus asociaciones con los problemas de conducta son similares. Keywords. Imposition, psychological control, discipline, Internalizing, Externalizing Mexico. Palabras Clave. Imposicion, control psicologico, disciplina, internalizados, externalizados, Mexico.
The goal of this study was to explore the inter-parental differences and the major clusters of Chinese parenting profile in a sample of preschoolers' fathers and mothers in urban China. Eighty-six ...Chinese couples in Shenzhen completed a parenting style questionnaire, and four couples were interviewed to provide additional illumination. A paired t-test was used to find inter-parental differences and cluster analysis was used to find major clusters of parenting profiles. Mothers were more authoritarian than fathers. Three major clusters of parenting profiles were found: easy-going parenting, followed by tiger parenting and supportive parenting. Inter-parental differences existed among these couples, and 'tiger moms' and 'panda dads' were common in these Chinese families.
In the present research on parenting and adolescent behavior, there is much focus on reciprocal, bidirectional, and transactional processes, but parenting-style research still adheres to a ...unidirectional perspective in which parents affect youth behavior but are unaffected by it. In addition, many of the most cited parenting-style studies have used measures of parental behavioral control that are questionable because they include measures of parental knowledge. The goals of this study were to determine whether including knowledge items might have affected results of past studies and to test the unidirectional assumption. Data were from 978 adolescents participating in a longitudinal study. Parenting-style and adolescent adjustment measures at 2 time points were used, with a 2-year interval between time points. A variety of internal and external adjustment measures were used. Results showed that including knowledge items in measures of parental behavioral control elevated links between behavioral control and adjustment. Thus, the results and conclusions of many of the most highly cited studies are likely to have been stronger than if the measures had focused strictly on parental behavior. In addition, adolescent adjustment predicted changes in authoritative and neglectful parenting styles more robustly than these styles predicted changes in adolescent adjustment. Adolescent adjustment also predicted changes in authoritativeness more robustly than authoritativeness predicted changes in adjustment. Thus, parenting style cannot be seen as independent of the adolescent. In summary, both the theoretical premises of parenting-style research and the prior findings should be revisited.
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26.
Parenting opportunities: Apologizing Walters, Anne S.
The Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter,
March 2023, 2023-03-00, 20230301, Volume:
39, Issue:
3
Journal Article, Newsletter
Recently, I listened to a two‐part podcast about apologizing by Harriet Lerner and Brene Brown (2020), based on Lerner's book (2017) on the topic. Two concepts from the podcast have continued to ...resonate with me. One is the act of apologizing itself, and the other is curiosity. So, this month's commentary will focus on apologies, and we will return to curiosity at a later date.
Der Zusammenhang von elterlichem Erziehungsverhalten, Temperament und sozialphobischer Symptomatik im Erwachsenenalter ist bislang ungeklart. In vorliegender Studie untersuchten wir diese Beziehung ...und formulierten auf Basis vorheriger Studien folgende Hypothesen: Soziale Phobiker (SP) im Vergleich zu Kontrollen erinnern starkere elterliche Kontrolle und geringere Fursorge, zudem zeigen sie hohere Schadensvermeidung und geringere Selbstlenkungsfahigkeit. Genannte Faktoren konnen einen signifikanten Anteil des Schweregrads der Symptomatik erklaren.404 SP wurden mit 82 gesunden Probanden verglichen. Psychische Diagnosen (Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview-I), soziale Angstlichkeit (Soziale Phobie Inventar), Depressivitat (Beck Depressions Inventar), elterliches Erziehungsverhalten (Parental Bonding Questionnaire) und Personlichkeit (Temperament und Charakter Inventar) wurden erfasst. SP und Kontrollen wurden mittels Kovarianzanalyse (Kovariaten: Alter, Geschlecht, Bildung, BDI) verglichen (Bonferroni-korrigiert). Anhand einer linearen Regression wurden Erziehungsverhalten und Personlichkeit als Pradiktoren fur den Schweregrad der sozialen Phobie untersucht.SP zeigten im Vergleich zu Kontrollen eine verminderte Fursorge von Vater (p < 0.001, d = 0.51) und Mutter (p < 0.001, d = 0.37) sowie eine vermehrte Kontrolle der Mutter (p < 0.003, d = 0.27). Zudem zeigten sie im Personlichkeitsinventar ein vermindertes Neugierverhalten (p < 0.001, d = 0.65), eine verminderte Selbstlenkungsfahigkeit (p < 0.001, d = 0.76) sowie eine erhohte Schadensvermeidung (p < 0.001, d = 1.47). Die Pradiktoren elterliches Erziehungsverhalten und Personlichkeit erklaren 32.7% (korrigiertes R.sup.2) der Varianz des Sozialen Phobie Inventars (Kontrollvariablen Alter und Geschlecht 1%). Mutterliche Fursorge (beta =-0.166, p = 0.002), vaterliche Kontrolle (beta = 0.224, p < 0.001), Schadensvermeidung (beta = 0.376, p < 0.001) und Selbstlenkungsfahigkeit (beta =-0.164, p = 0.001) waren signifikante Pradiktoren.SP erinnern hohe mutterliche Kontrolle und geringe elterliche Fursorge und zeigen ein durch hohe Verhaltenshemmung und wenig Selbstwirksamkeit gepragtes Personlichkeitsprofil. Vaterliche Kontrolle, geringe mutterliche Fursorge im Zusammenspiel mit genanntem Personlichkeitsprofil konnen ca. ein Drittel der Gesamtvarianz des Schweregrades der sozialphobischen Symptomatik erklaren. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die Relevanz von Erziehung und Personlichkeit fur Diagnostik und Therapie der sozialen Phobie.
Objective
To explore through the lens of the theoretical framework whether parents achieved any forms of improved parenting during the pandemic; in what way parents improved, if any; and what led to ...improved parenting.
Background
The COVID‐19 pandemic and its repercussions gave rise to multiple challenges and hardships confronting children and parents. The ways parents handled the parenting demands varied. The research documented the presence of both unhealthy and nurturing parenting behaviors during the pandemic. During this course in which parents responded to the parenting demands, some facets of parenting (e.g., parenting practices, parenting cognitions) were subject to change. The current study placed the focus on positive parental changes, if any.
Method
The study employed a phenomenological approach. Fourteen parents (female = 12; White = 8; Black = 4, and Asian = 2; 11 of 14 were upper‐ to lower‐middle‐class families) constituted the sample. One‐on‐one semistructured interviews were conducted over Zoom for data collection. Thematic analysis was performed for data analysis.
Results
Four themes were constructed: targeted parental responses and changes, refined parenting skills and practices, enhanced understanding of parenting, and unsettled parenting styles.
Conclusion
Some parents achieved improved parenting (e.g., refined parenting skills, a new understanding of childrearing). Whether and to what extent parents bettered themselves were conditional on whether and how far parents went to adapt or adjust their parenting.
Implication
Although substantially improving parenting skills appears to be difficult, parents can still bring benefits to family by bettering themselves incrementally. Practitioners need to be a source of reinvigoration for parents who aim to improve their parenting and family equilibrium, particularly in the context of a crisis.
Metodos Se utilizaron datos de 21 783 participantes de las oleadas 1 (2011) y 2 (2013) del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud y Jubilacion de China, que tambien participaron en la Encuesta de Antecedentes ...Vitales CHARLS de 2014 para calcular una medida previamente validada de la capacidad intrinseca. Se tuvieron en cuenta 11 factores de los primeros anos de vida y se investigo su asociacion directa con la capacidad intrinseca de los participantes mas adelante en la vida, asi como su asociacion indirecta a traves de cuatro factores socioeconomicos actuales. Se utilizo la regresion lineal multivariable y la descomposicion del indice de concentracion para investigar la contribucion de cada determinante a las desigualdades en la capacidad intrinseca.
The psychological well-being of parents and children is compromised in families characterized by greater parenting stress. As parental mindfulness is associated with lower parenting stress, a growing ...number of studies have investigated whether mindfulness interventions can improve outcomes for families. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the effectiveness of mindfulness interventions for parents, in reducing parenting stress and improving youth psychological outcomes.
A literature search for peer-reviewed articles and dissertations was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines in the PsycInfo, Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses databases. Studies were included if they reported on a mindfulness-based intervention delivered in person to parents with the primary aim of reducing parenting stress or improving youth psychological outcomes.
Twenty-five independent studies were included in the review. Eighteen studies used a single group design and six were randomized controlled trials. Within-groups, meta-analysis indicated a small, post-intervention reduction in parenting stress (
= 0.34), growing to a moderate reduction at 2 month follow-up (
= 0.53). Overall, there was a small improvement in youth outcomes (
= 0.27). Neither youth age or clinical status, nor time in mindfulness training, moderated parenting stress or overall youth outcome effects. Youth outcomes were not moderated by intervention group attendees. Change in parenting stress predicted change in youth externalizing and cognitive effects, but not internalizing effects. In controlled studies, parenting stress reduced more in mindfulness groups than control groups (
= 0.44). Overall, risk of bias was assessed as serious.
Mindfulness interventions for parents may reduce parenting stress and improve youth psychological functioning. While improvements in youth externalizing and cognitive outcomes may be explained by reductions in parenting stress, it appears that other parenting factors may contribute to improvements in youth internalizing outcomes. Methodological weaknesses in the reviewed literature prevent firm conclusions from being drawn regarding effectiveness. Future research should address these methodological issues before mindfulness interventions for parents are recommended as an effective treatment option for parents or their children.
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