Root vegetables have unique techno-functional and nutritional properties however, their use in processed foods is limited to a few species, partially due to a lack of knowledge related to the impact ...of thermal treatments on the sensory properties. This study investigated the effect of steaming and boiling on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and sensory profile of three model root vegetables with distinct carbohydrate composition: Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), parsnip (Pastinaca sativa), and beetroot (Beta vulgaris). Thermally treated Jerusalem artichoke and parsnip showed higher content of cell wall polysaccharides, particularly β-glucans (e.g. cellulose) and pectic components, compared to raw. Steaming produced more cell shrinkage and loss of cell-cell adhesion than boiling, leading to softer vegetables. Processed beetroot showed loss of cell turgor and drastic softening but not clear changes in overall carbohydrate content. The scores for several flavour and in-mouth attributes were higher for steamed vegetables compared to boiled. Our results give insights on the processability of root vegetables towards products with enhanced sensory and nutritional properties.
•Steaming and boiling increase dietary fibre in Jerusalem artichoke and parsnip.•Steamed vegetables are softer, have larger cell shrinkage and loss of cell adhesion.•Textural changes in processed beetroot are not related to total carbohydrates.•Flavour and in-mouth sensory attributes scores are higher for steamed vegetables.•Results give insights to use root vegetable pieces in processed foods.
Primary photosensitization rarely occurs in horses and can easily be misinterpreted. Descriptions of the disease in horses after ingestion of parsnip are lacking. The aim of this case series was to ...describe the dermatological and ocular changes due to photosensitization and to raise awareness of parsnip being a possible aetiologic agent.
Nine horses from three different stables in Berlin and Brandenburg, Germany, presented variable degrees of erythema, scaling, crusting and necrosis of unpigmented skin at the head and prepuce. Horses were of different breeds with a median age of 15 ± 5.9 years. A mild leukocytosis was diagnosed in 1/9 horses at admission. Analyzed liver enzymes were within the reference ranges in all horses. Ocular changes were diagnosed as follows: blepharitis (3/9), conjunctivitis (7/9), corneal edema without additional signs of keratitis and/or uveitis (2/9), corneal edema with signs of uveitis (1/9) and photophobia (4/9). One horse developed a fluorescein positive corneal erosion. Skin biopsy (1/9) revealed a moderate to severe acute, eosinophilic and lymphocytic dermatitis with dermal edema and vasculitis. All stables housing these patients fed hay from the same distributer. Analyzed hay samples showed high contents of wild parsnip (plants, seeds, roots). Wild parsnip is widespread in Europe and contains furocoumarins, a family of photodynamic pigments, which may cause primary photodermatitis, keratoconjunctivitis and uveitis. Horses were treated according to severity of clinical symptoms systemically with flunixine meglumine (1.1 mg/kg BW 1-2x/day) or prednisolone (1 mg/kg BW 1x/day). Topically, either gentamicin (3x/day), dexamethasone (2-3x/day) and/or atropine (1x/day) were used. Skin care was provided with almond oil or dexpanthenol (2x/day). All horses were kept in a dark environment or were treated with sunscreen and facemasks. Duration of treatment varied from 6-30 days (median 11.3 days).
Ingestion of wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) can induce primary photosensitization with dermatitis and ocular injury in horses. In times of extreme weather, hay may alter in botanical composition, resulting in high amounts of uncharacteristic plants causing novel problems.
Les phytophotodermatoses sont des éruptions cutanées résultant du contact avec des composés photosensibilisants présents dans diverses plantes et d’une exposition solaire. Nous rapportons le cas ...d’une phytophotodermatose survenue chez un enfant de 6 mois, 12h après l’ingestion d’une purée de panais cuite prise en extérieure au printemps. Le traitement est essentiellement symptomatique. Des complications à type d’hyperpigmentation cutanée résiduelles sont fréquentes.
Phytophotodermatoses are rashes resulting from contact with photosensitizing compounds in various plants and sun exposure. We report the case of a phytophotodermatosis occurred in a child of 6 months, 12hours after the ingestion of a purée of cooked parsnip taken outside in the spring. The treatment is essentially symptomatic. Complications such as residual skin hyperpigmentation are common.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of pulsed electric field (PEF) pretreatment on drying kinetics and on color and textural changes in sliced parsnip and carrot. Cell disintegration ...index measured in parsnips after PEF pretreatment significantly differed from the ones measured for carrots and, consequently, the reduction of the time needed to dry both samples to a final moisture content up to 5% (wet basis). The drying time of the PEF pretreated parsnip was reduced by up to 28% at 70 °C and by up to 21% at 60 °C in carrot, in comparison to untreated samples. The PEF pretreatment influenced the effective diffusivity of water into the samples going from 50 °C to 70 °C: in carrots it ranged between 1.61 × 10−10 and 3.04 × 10−10 (m2/s), although, in parsnip, it ranged between 1.97 × 10−10 and 3.06 × 10−10 (m2/s). Also, PEF pretreatment influenced color changes: PEF pretreated dried carrots showed a significant (p < .05) reduction in lightness values (L*) compared to untreated dried ones, although PEF pretreated parsnip had a significant (p < .05) increase in redness values (a*). The PEF treatment did not affect the mechanical properties (p > .05) of carrot and parsnip dried at 50 and 60 °C, whereas at 70 °C a significant increase (p < .05) of the force required to cut both root slices was detected. The choice of a PEF pretreatment of foods to be dried should be related to shorten the drying time and to minimize the loss in quality properties mentioned above.
Practical Application
Dry carrots and parsnip slices can be used as food ingredients for further food preparations but also as healthy snacks, thanks to their health benefits. Pulsed electric field (PEF) resulted to be an effective pretreatment for carrots and parsnips before undergoing convective drying, because it reduced the drying time (up to 28% in parsnip and 21% in carrot slices) and, particularly at mild temperatures (50 to 60 °C), it did not affect the texture properties of both carrot and parsnip. PEF pretreatment of these roots before convective heating can be surely suggested as industrial application.
Relevance.
Evaluation of nutritional value of seeds of agricultural crops is considered to be
highly significant for revealing new sources of antioxidants for humans.
Material.
The aim of the present ...investigation was antioxidant status and selenium accumulation levels by chicory seeds (13 cultivars) and comparison of the results with antioxidants status of seeds of other root vegetables: celery (5 cultivars), parsley (2 cultivars),
parsnip (3 cultivars) and carrot (7 cultivars).
Results.
Among agricultural crops studied chicory was characterized by 3-4 higher levels
of selenium accumulation by seeds and relatively low total antioxidant activity and polyphenol content. Anomalously high protein content in chicory seeds may explain the efficiency
of selenium accumulation while relatively low antioxidant activity may be connected with
lower levels of essential oil. Direct correlations between polyphenol content and total
antioxidant activity were demonstrated for carrot (r=+0.924; P<0.01) and chicory (r=
0.803; P<0.01) seeds.
In three Dutch populations of the native small hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium L. Apiales: Apiaceae), and one of the invasive giant hogweed (H. mantegazzianum Sommeier & Levier Apiales: Apiaceae), ...interactions between a specialist herbivore, the parsnip webworm (Depressaria radiella), and its associated parasitoids were compared during a single growing season. We found host plant species-related differences in the abundance of moth pupae, the specialist polyembryonic endoparasitoid, Copidosoma sosares, the specialist pupal parasitoid, Barichneumon heracliana, and a potential hyperparasitoid of C. sosares, Tyndaricus scaurus Walker (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Adult D. radiella body mass was similar across the three small hogweed populations, but moths and their pupal parasitoid B. heracliana were smaller when developing on giant than on small hogweeds where the two plants grew in the same locality (Heteren). Mixed-sex and all-male broods of C. sosares were generally bigger than all-female broods. Furthermore, adult female C. sosares were larger than males and adult female mass differed among the three small hogweed populations. The frequency of pupal parasitism and hyperparasitism also varied in the different H. sphondylium populations.These results show that short-term (intra-seasonal) effects of plant population on multitrophic insects are variable among different species in a tightly linked food chain.
Liberibacter is a bacterial group causing different diseases and disorders in plants. Among liberibacters, Candidatus Liberibacter solanaceraum (CLso) produces disorders in several species mainly ...within Apiaceae and Solanaceae families. CLso isolates are usually grouped in defined haplotypes according to single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes associated with ribosomal elements. In order to characterize more precisely isolates of CLso identified in potato in Spain, a Multilocus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) was applied. This methodology was validated by a complete analysis of ten housekeeping genes that showed an absence of positive selection and a nearly neutral mechanism for their evolution. Most of the analysis performed with single housekeeping genes, as well as MLSA, grouped together isolates of CLso detected in potato crops in Spain within the haplotype E, undistinguishable from those infecting carrots, parsnips or celery. Moreover, the information from these housekeeping genes was used to estimate the evolutionary divergence among the different CLso by using the concatenated sequences of the genes assayed. Data obtained on the divergence among CLso haplotypes support the hypothesis of evolutionary events connected with different hosts, in different geographic areas, and possibly associated with different vectors. Our results demonstrate the absence in Spain of CLso isolates molecularly classified as haplotypes A and B, traditionally considered causal agents of zebra chip in potato, as well as the uncertain possibility of the present haplotype to produce major disease outbreaks in potato that may depend on many factors that should be further evaluated in future works.
The main drivers influencing plant growth, yield increase and its quality characteristics are biotic and abiotic factors. Combinations of abiotic stresses, such as drought and heat, have a much ...greater impact on yields and product quality. Plants' response to these stresses can vary depending on the species and different stages of development. Understanding the mechanisms and how they protect plants from stress has become vital for improving the yield and quality of parsnip products in changing climates. The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of abiotic factors (temperature and precipitation) on the yield, duration of phenological phases of growth and development of plants, the dynamics of leaf and root mass growth of parsnip in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The research was carried out in the field experiment of the Department of Vegetable Growing and Closed Ground in the National Research Institute “Fruit and Vegetable Garden” of NUBiP of Ukraine within the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine during 2015-2017. The area of the registered plot was 11.3 m2, and the repetition rate of the experiment is four times. The placement of variants is systematic. The research found that the shortest sowing-emergence period lasted 16 days in the variants sown in the 3rd ten-day period of May and the 1st ten-day period of June. A significant delay of 21 days in this period was noted for sowings from 1st to 3rd ten-day periods of April. The duration of the period from the beginning of root crop formation to bunch ripeness was the shortest when sown in the 1st ten-day period of April – 28 days, and the longest when sown in the 1st ten-day period of June – 51 days. The growing season ranged from 110 to 165 days and was characterised by GDD (> 10 °C) of 1102.4-1439.0 °C and precipitation of 128.1-225.2 mm. After sowing in April, intensive growth of root crops from 2.9 to 3.5 g / day was observed in the second half of August. After sowing in May, the greatest increase in root crops from 2.1 to 2.7 g/day was noted in the first half of September. Thus, for sowings in the 1st ten-day period of June, this figure was the highest in the second half of September (1.9 g/day). The variant sown in the 1st ten-day period of April provided a high yield of root crops of 50.3 t/ha, which is 5.3 t/ha or 11.8% significantly more than the control variant. When sowing in the following terms, a significant decrease in yields was observed compared to the control, namely: for 3rd ten-day period of April – by 3.5 t/ha, or 7.7%, for 1st ten-day period of May – by 8.8 t/ha, or 19.6%, for 2nd ten-day periods of May – by 17.4 t/ha, or 38.6%, for 3rd ten-day periods of May – by 23.0 t/ha, or 51.1%, for 1st ten-day period of June – by 31.7 t/ha, 70.6% compared to the control. A strong direct correlation (r = 0.74-0.99) was found between the growing season and yield, root mass, marketability, and biochemical parameters, namely: dry matter, dry soluble matter, sugars, vitamin C. An inverse correlation (r = -0.98) was observed between the duration of the growing season and nitrates. Increasing the growing season by 10 days increases the yield up to 6.9 t/ha, marketability up to 2.7%, root weight up to 31 g, dry matter content up to 0.7%, dry soluble matter up to 0.3%, sugars up to 0.5%, vitamin C up to 0.8 mg/100 g and reduces the nitrate content to 8.4 mg/kg. Leaf area, photosynthetic potential, and net photosynthetic productivity are strongly directly related (r = 0.92-0.98) to yield. For increasing the leaf surface area to 1.0 thousand m2 the yield is also growing up to 0.7 t/ha. Increasing the photosynthetic potential to 0.05 million m2 days/ha increases the yield to 0.2-1.2 t/ha. Also, the yield increases to 0.3-0.7 t/ha with an increase in net photosynthetic productivity to 0.05 g/m2 per day. The molecular knowledge on plant responses to abiotic stress is promising for further study and is likely to advance crop resilience to climate change and increase the economic efficiency of production
In the last decade, there has been growing interest in the food industry in replacing synthetic chemicals with natural products with bioactive properties. This study's aims were to determine the ...chemical composition and the antioxidant properties of the essential oil of
. The essential oil was isolated with a yield of 0.41% (
/
) by steam distillation from the dried seeds and subsequently analysed by GC-MS. Octyl acetate (78.49%) and octyl hexanoate (6.68%) were the main components. The essential oil exhibited an excellent activity for the inhibition of primary and secondary oxidation products for cold-pressed sunflower oil comparable with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), which were evaluated using peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was additionally validated using DPPH radical scavenging (0.0016 ± 0.0885 mg/mL), and
-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assays. Also, the amounts of total phenol components (0.0053 ± 0.0023 mg GAE/g) were determined.
PDF
