INTRODUCTION . This paper reflects historical overview of long-standing emergence of mechanisms of judicial protections of patent rights conferred by European patens which begun even in 1950-s and ...ended with start of operations of the Unified Patent Court in 2023. The paper demonstrates that the establishment of the similar mechanism within the Eurasian Patent Organization or Eurasian Economic Union may require different approaches because of possible centralization of industrial property protection under Eurasian Patent Organization. METHODS AND MATERIALS . The research materials for this paper are scientific works of foreign and Russian scientists and officials of the European Patent Office and the Eurasian Patent Office, legal acts of international and regional levels and drafts thereof. Methodological basis of this research are general and special scientific methods. RESEARCH RESULTS . This paper suggests periodization in emergence and evolution of dispute resolution mechanisms for European patents, reveals rationales for establishment of the unified patent judiciary in Europe and outlines directions for further research of prospects of creation of the similar mechanism in the Eurasian region. Some findings made in this article may facilitate the growth of such researches. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS . European Union (EU) accumulated broad experience in establishment of the dispute resolution mechanisms for European patents. Due to uniqueness the Unified Patent Court is of great interest when researching prospect of improvements of the patent judiciary and quasi-judicial mechanisms under the Eurasian Patent Convention. However, trends of developments of the Eurasian Patent Organization and possible centralization of the regional protection of industrial property may testify that a Eurasian analogue of the Unified Patent Court would have a different institutional form.
Recent reports showing the favorable role of patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure in patients with cryptogenic stroke have raised the issue of selecting optimal candidates.
This study, DEFENSE-PFO ...(Device Closure Versus Medical Therapy for Cryptogenic Stroke Patients With High-Risk Patent Foramen Ovale), evaluated whether the benefits of PFO closure can be determined on the basis of the morphologic characteristics of the PFO, as evaluated by transesophageal echocardiography.
Patients with cryptogenic stroke and high-risk PFO were divided between a transcatheter PFO closure and a medication-only group. High-risk PFO included PFO with atrial septal aneurysm, hypermobility (phasic septal excursion into either atrium ≥10 mm), or PFO size (maximum separation of the septum primum from the secundum) ≥2 mm. The primary endpoint was a composite of stroke, vascular death, or Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction-defined major bleeding during 2 years of follow-up.
From September 2011 until October 2017, 120 patients (mean age: 51.8 years) underwent randomization. PFO size, frequency of septal aneurysm (13.3% vs. 8.3%; p = 0.56), and hypermobility (45.0% vs. 46.7%; p > 0.99) were similar between the groups. All PFO closures were successful. The primary endpoint occurred exclusively in the medication-only group (6 of 60 patients; 2-year event rate: 12.9% log-rank p = 0.013; 2-year rate of ischemic stroke: 10.5% p = 0.023). The events in the medication-only group included ischemic stroke (n = 5), cerebral hemorrhage (n = 1), Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction-defined major bleeding (n = 2), and transient ischemic attack (n = 1). Nonfatal procedural complications included development of atrial fibrillation (n = 2), pericardial effusion (n = 1), and pseudoaneurysm (n = 1).
PFO closure in patients with high-risk PFO characteristics resulted in a lower rate of the primary endpoint as well as stroke recurrence. (Device Closure Versus Medical Therapy for Cryptogenic Stroke Patients With High-Risk Patent Foramen Ovale DEFENSE-PFO; NCT01550588).
Patents and patent portfolios are valuable assets. Companies need a conceptual structure to assess the value of their patent portfolio. This paper develops a practical and reproducible framework that ...can support scholars and practitioners to leverage the value of patents and to extract all possible strategic information from patent portfolio. The patent assessment process aims at comparing and contrasting the management of patents to the company's technologic and innovative strategy. The framework employs determinants of patent value that are elicited from patent databases, such as claims, citations, and market coverage, and that are expressed in terms of judgments achieved by interviewing involved managers, such as strategic relevance and economic relevance. The paper examines the main methodological issues in assessing patent portfolio value then, it describes the characteristics of the framework; subsequently, it illustrates the implementation of the proposed framework into two companies which operate in the aerospace and defense sector. The two implementations show that the framework can be used for strategic planning and strategic technology management.
•The study aims at managing and leveraging the value of patent portfolios.•We propose a framework to analyze and assess strategic information of patents.•The framework examines different determinants of patent value.•The framework uses combined information from patent databases and judgments by managers.•We implemented the framework into two companies of the aerospace and defense sector.
In this trial, patients with patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic embolism were assigned to undergo closure with the use of a percutaneous device or to receive medical therapy. There was no ...significant difference in the rates of recurrent embolic events or death.
Paradoxical embolism by means of a patent foramen ovale has been blamed as a cause of stroke and other systemic ischemic events since the 19th century.
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The actual passage of a venous clot through a patent foramen ovale has been documented in a few cases and resulted in systemic embolic events such as ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA),
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or myocardial infarction.
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Catheter-based closure of patent foramen ovale was introduced in 1992.
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Observational long-term data suggest that closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with a history of ischemic stroke may reduce the risk of recurrent stroke as compared . . .
Objective To compare neurodevelopmental outcomes of extremely preterm infants diagnosed with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) who were treated medically or surgically and those who were not diagnosed ...with PDA or who did not undergo treatment for PDA. Study design This retrospective population-based cohort study used data from a geographically defined area in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory served by a network of 10 neonatal intensive care units. Patients included all preterm infants born at <29 completed weeks of gestation between 1998 and 2004. Moderate/severe functional disability at 2-3 years corrected age was defined as developmental delay, cerebral palsy requiring aids, sensorineural or conductive deafness (requiring bilateral hearing aids or cochlear implant), or bilateral blindness (best visual acuity of <6/60). Results Follow-up information at age 2-3 years was available for 1473 infants (74.8%). Compared with infants not diagnosed with a PDA or who did not receive PDA treatment for PDA, those with medically treated PDA (aOR, 1.622; 95% CI, 1.199-2.196) and those with surgically treated PDA (aOR, 2.001; 95% CI, 1.126-3.556) were at significantly greater risk for adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 2-3 years. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that treatment for PDA may be associated with a greater risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcome at age 2-3 years. This was particularly so among infants born at <25 weeks gestation. These results may support permissive tolerance of PDAs; however, reasons for this association remain to be elucidated through carefully designed prospective trials.
Patients who had had a cryptogenic stroke and had a PFO were randomly assigned to medical therapy or PFO closure. At a median of 5.9 years, the rate of recurrent ischemic strokes was lower in the PFO ...closure group than in the medical-therapy group.
Obwohl das US-Patentsystem wesentlich daran beteiligt war, Innovationen anzukurbeln, haben seine Effizienz und Effektivität in diesem Bereich nachgelassen. Diese Forschungsarbeit stellt zunächst ...einen historischen Vergleich an und analysiert die wegweisenden Apple- und Wright-Entscheidungen, um zu zeigen dass, ungeachtet des Zeitpunkts, die Vorteile eines Patentsystems wesentlich davon abhängen, wie gut es die „Patentqualität“ definiert und erhält. Ein großer Teil der Herausforderung bei der Erhaltung einer solchen Qualität bezieht sich auf die subjektive und oft unklare Beschaffenheit von Inventionskriterien wie „Nichtnaheliegen“. Wie aktuelle Trends zeigen, führt eine verminderte Patentqualität zu größerer Unklarheit über die Patentgültigkeit, was wiederum mehr Rechtsstreitigkeiten hervorruft. Das Werk schlägt vor dass, um die Konstanz der Patentqualität zu verbessern, das US-Patentamt die ursprünglich von den Gründervätern der USA erdachten Strategien beachten und so ein Patentanmeldungssystem, das den Nutzen und die öffentliche Prüfung beim Patenterteilungsverfahren hervorhebt, schaffen sollte. Moderne Informationstechnologie kann nun genutzt werden, um diesen ursprünglichen Rahmen für Patentqualitätskontrollsysteme effektiv wiederherzustellen.
Despite a large body of basic science and clinical research and clinical experience with thousands of infants over nearly 6 decades,(1) there is still uncertainty and controversy about the ...significance, evaluation, and management of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants, resulting in substantial heterogeneity in clinical practice. The purpose of this clinical report is to summarize the evidence available to guide evaluation and treatment of preterm infants with prolonged ductal patency in the first few weeks after birth.
This book is a research guide and bibliography of Parliamentary material, including the Old Scottish Parliament and the Old Irish Parliament, relating to patents and inventions from the early ...seventeenth century to 1976. It chronicles the entire history of a purely British patent law before the coming into force of the European Patent Convention under the Patents Act 1977. It provides a comprehensive record of every Act, Bill, Parliamentary paper, report, petition and recorded debate or Parliamentary question on patent law during the period.
The work will be an essential resource for scholars and researchers in intellectual property law, the history of technology, and legal and economic history.
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