Building on the seminal work of Thomas J. Allen, we contribute to the emerging microlevel theory of knowledge recombination by examining how individual-level characteristics of inventors affect the ...breadth of their technological recombinations. Our data set combines information from 30,550 European patents with matched survey data obtained from 1,880 inventors. The analysis supports the view that inventors with a scientific education are more likely to generate patents that span technological boundaries (in our case, 30 broad, top-level technological domains) than inventors with an engineering degree. A doctoral degree is associated with increased recombination breadth for all groups of inventors. The breadth of an inventor's technological recombinations diminishes with increasing temporal distance to his education, but the differences between scientists and engineers persist over time. Our findings provide several new insights for research on inventors, the literature on organizational learning and innovation, and strategy research.
This paper was accepted by Lee Fleming, entrepreneurship and innovation.
The Law and Economics of Patent Damages, Antitrust, and Legal Processexamines several areas of important research by a variety of international scholars. Areas include technical papers on the ...appropriate way to estimate damages in patent disputes and methods for evaluating relevant markets.
Exclusions from Patentability reviews the history of the adoption of exclusions from patentability under the European Patent Convention since its first conception in 1949 through to its most recent ...revision. The analysis shows how other intellectual property treaties, such as UPOV, the Strasbourg Patent Convention, PCT, the EU Biotech Directive and TRIPS have affected the framing of the exclusions. Particular attention is given to those exclusions considered the most contentious (computer programmes, discoveries, medical treatments, life forms and agriculture) and those decisions which have been most influential in shaping the approaches by which the exclusions have been interpreted. The 'morality' exclusion and the interpretation of the exclusions are discussed critically and suggestions for coherent interpretation are made.
Abstract
Aims
The efficacy of patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure for cryptogenic stroke has been controversial. We undertook a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing device ...closure with medical therapy to prevent recurrent stroke for patients with PFO.
Methods and results
We systematically identified all RCTs comparing device closure to medical therapy for cryptogenic stroke in patients with PFO. The primary efficacy endpoint was recurrent stroke, analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. The primary safety endpoint was new onset atrial fibrillation (AF). Five studies (3440 patients) were included. In all, 1829 patients were randomized to device closure and 1611 to medical therapy. Across all patients, PFO closure was superior to medical therapy for prevention of stroke hazard ratio (HR) 0.32, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.13–0.82; P = 0.018, I2 = 73.4%. The risk of AF was significantly increased with device closure risk ratio (RR) 4.68, 95% CI 2.19–10.00, P<0.001, heterogeneity I2 = 27.5%). In patients with large shunts, PFO closure was associated with a significant reduction in stroke (HR 0.33, 95% CI 0.16–0.72; P = 0.005), whilst there was no significant reduction in stroke in patients with a small shunt (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.50–1.60; P = 0.712). There was no effect from the presence or absence of an atrial septal aneurysm on outcomes (P = 0.994).
Conclusion
In selected patients with cryptogenic stroke, PFO closure is superior to medical therapy for the prevention of further stroke: this is particularly true for patients with moderate-to-large shunts. Guidelines should be updated to reflect this.
We investigate how U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) patent examiner experience and seniority-based incentives affect the innovation ecosystem. First, we show that examiners respond to ...production incentives and demonstrate learning by increasing the use of examiner’s amendments in both experience and seniority, a mechanism not previously studied. Second, this examination procedure directly benefits innovators and firms by significantly reducing prosecution processing time without impacting patent quality. Finally, after considering examiner’s amendments, the negative relationship between examiner characteristics and patent examination quality found in the previous literature does not persist at first action, a decision point that allows for the clear measurement of examiner behavior. Our results demonstrate a need for reformulated policy recommendations related to the structure of examination at the USPTO.
•We identify a previously unstudied patent examination negotiating tool at the USPTO called the examiner’s amendment.•We show that examiner’s amendments reduce pendency but do not diminish patent quality.•Examiner’s amendments are one mechanism through which more experienced or more senior examiners increase productivity.•Our empirical approach uses early examination decisions to analyze examiner behavior while minimizing endogeneity issues.
Provided herein are novel IL4I1 inhibitors, their pharmaceutical compositions, the use of such compounds in treating cancer, and processes for preparing such compounds.
Provided herein are cyclopentathiophene carboxamide derivatives as platelet activating factor receptor (PAFR) antagonists, pharmaceutical compositions, use of such compounds in treating ocular ...diseases, allergies, and inflammation-related disorders, and processes for preparing such compounds.
Provided herein are 2,5-diazabicyclo4.2.0octanes as GLP-1 receptor modulators, pharmaceutical compositions, use of such compounds in treating type 2 diabetes, and processes for preparing such ...compounds.
Provided herein are novel C-linked isoquinoline amides as LRRK2 inhibitors, their pharmaceutical compositions, the use of such compounds in treating Parkinson’s disease, and processes for preparing ...such compounds.
Provided herein are aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists, pharmaceutical compositions, use of such compounds in treating immune-mediated diseases, in particular, psoriasis, and processes for preparing ...such compounds.
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