In order to clarify the the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in green and purple fruits of pepper using metabolomics and transcriptomics,to identify different anthocyanin ...metabolites,and to analyze the differentially expressed genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis.. We analyzed the anthocyanin metabolome and transcriptome data of the fruits of 2 purple pepper and 1 green pepper. A total of 5 anthocyanin metabolites and 2224 differentially expressed genes were identified between the green and purple fruits of pepper. Among the 5 anthocyanin metabolites,delphin chloride was unique to purple pepper fruits,which is the mainly responsible for the purple fruit color of pepper. A total of 59 unigenes encoding 7 enzymes were identified as candidate genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in pepper fruit. The six enzymes (PAL,C4H,CHI,DFR,ANS,UFGT) had higher expression levels except the F3H gene in purple compared with green fruits. In addition,seven transcription factors were also found in this study. These transcription factors may contribute to anthocyanin metabolite biosynthesis in the fruits of pepper. One of differentially expressed gene novel.2098 was founded. It was not annotated in NCBI. Though blast analysis we preliminarily considered that this gene related to MYB transcription factor and was involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in pepper fruit. Overall, the results of this study provide useful information for understanding anthocyanin accumulation and the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in peppers.
January Online Cover
: Firmness and severity of
P. carotovorum
on bell peppers treated with different nanocoating formulations, from “Application of natural‐based nanocoatings for extending the shelf ...life of green bell pepper fruit” by Zormy Nacary Correa‐Pacheco, María Luisa Corona‐Rangel, Silvia Bautista‐Baños, and Rosa Isela Ventura‐Aguilar. p. 95.
Capsaicinoids: Pungency beyond Capsicum Naves, Emmanuel Rezende; de Ávila Silva, Lucas; Sulpice, Ronan ...
Trends in plant science,
February 2019, 2019-02-00, 20190201, Volume:
24, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Capsaicinoids are metabolites responsible for the appealing pungency of Capsicum (chili pepper) species. The completion of the Capsicum annuum genome has sparked new interest into the development of ...biotechnological applications involving the manipulation of pungency levels. Pungent dishes are already part of the traditional cuisine in many countries, and numerous health benefits and industrial applications are associated to capsaicinoids. This raises the question of how to successfully produce more capsaicinoids, whose biosynthesis is strongly influenced by genotype–environment interactions in fruits of Capsicum. In this Opinion article we propose that activating the capsaicinoid biosynthetic pathway in a more amenable species such as tomato could be the next step in the fascinating story of pungent crops.
Capsaicinoids are secondary metabolites that confer Capsicum (‘chili’ peppers) fruits their appealing pungency (‘heat’) and have multiple proven health benefits and industrial applications.
Five Capsicum species have been domesticated. However, even in fruits of the same species, pungency is not consistent owing to the strong influence of the environment on capsaicinoid levels. Furthermore, multiple agronomic issues are prevalent in chili pepper cultivation, such as wilting in hot days, flower drop, and virus susceptibility.
Capsicum belongs to the Solanaceae family, and recent completion of its full genome sequence shows that inactive genes for the biosynthetic pathway of capsaicinoids are also present in tomato. We propose that the use of state-of-the-art genome engineering techniques to activate capsaicinoid biosynthesis in tomato is a suitable option to exploit these valuable secondary compounds.
The study of crop origins has traditionally involved identifying geographic areas of high morphological diversity, sampling populations of wild progenitor species, and the archaeological retrieval of ...macroremains. Recent investigations have added identification of plant microremains (phytoliths, pollen, and starch grains), biochemical and molecular genetic approaches, and dating through ¹⁴C accelerator mass spectrometry. We investigate the origin of domesticated chili pepper, Capsicum annuum , by combining two approaches, species distribution modeling and paleobiolinguistics, with microsatellite genetic data and archaeobotanical data. The combination of these four lines of evidence yields consensus models indicating that domestication of C. annuum could have occurred in one or both of two areas of Mexico: northeastern Mexico and central-east Mexico. Genetic evidence shows more support for the more northern location, but jointly all four lines of evidence support central-east Mexico, where preceramic macroremains of chili pepper have been recovered in the Valley of Tehuacán. Located just to the east of this valley is the center of phylogenetic diversity of Proto-Otomanguean, a language spoken in mid-Holocene times and the oldest protolanguage for which a word for chili pepper reconstructs based on historical linguistics. For many crops, especially those that do not have a strong archaeobotanical record or phylogeographic pattern, it is difficult to precisely identify the time and place of their origin. Our results for chili pepper show that expressing all data in similar distance terms allows for combining contrasting lines of evidence and locating the region(s) where cultivation and domestication of a crop began.
Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the world's oldest domesticated crops. It has poor waterlogging tolerance, and flooding frequently results in plant death and yield reduction. Therefore, ...understanding the molecular mechanisms associated with pepper waterlogging tolerance is essential to grow new varieties with stronger tolerance. In this study, we discovered that after 5 days of flooding, the growth rate of waterlogging-tolerant pepper cultivars did not reduce to a large extent. Physiological data revealed that chlorophyll concentration was not significantly affected by flooding; however, stomatal conductance was altered considerably 0-5 days after flooding, and the net photosynthesis rate changed substantially 5-10 days after flooding. In addition, the root activity of waterlogging-tolerant varieties was substantially higher after flooding for 10 days than that of the control. This implies that the effect of flooding is associated with changes in the root environment, which ultimately affects photosynthesis. We evaluated changes in gene expression levels between two pepper types at the same time point and the same pepper variety at different time points after flooding stress treatment and performed a screening for multiple potential genes. These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were further analyzed for functional enrichment, and the results revealed that antioxidase genes, cell wall synthesis pathway genes, and calcium ion regulation pathway genes might be associated with waterlogging tolerance. Other genes identified in peppers with waterlogging tolerance included those associated with lignin synthesis regulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation pathways, and others associated with stress resistance. Considerable changes in the expression levels of these genes were recorded 5 days after waterlogging, which was consistent with a considerable increase in oxidase content that was also noted on the fifth day after flooding. The quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) findings revealed that among the 20 selected DEGs, including genes such as mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MPK3) and calcium-binding protein 4 (CML4), approximately 80% of the gene expression patterns were consistent with our RNA-seq dataset. The findings of this study suggest that ROS modulation, increased antioxidase activity, lignin formation, and the expression of stress resistance genes help peppers with waterlogging tolerance resist flooding stress in the early stages. These findings provide a basis for further investigation of the molecular mechanisms responsible for waterlogging tolerance in pepper and may be a critical reference for the breeding of hot pepper.
Plant genomes are rich in repetitive sequences, and transposable elements (TEs) are the most accumulated of them. This mobile fraction can be distinguished as Class I (retrotransposons) and Class II ...(transposons). Retrotransposons that are transposed using an intermediate RNA and that accumulate in a "copy-and-paste" manner were screened in three genomes of peppers (Solanaceae). The present study aimed to understand the genome relationships among Capsicum annuum, C. chinense, and C. baccatum, based on a comparative analysis of the function, diversity and chromosome distribution of TE lineages in the Capsicum karyotypes. Due to the great commercial importance of pepper in natura, as a spice or as an ornamental plant, these genomes have been widely sequenced, and all of the assemblies are available in the SolGenomics group. These sequences were used to compare all repetitive fractions from a cytogenomic point of view.
The qualification and quantification of LTR-retrotransposons (LTR-RT) families were contrasted with molecular cytogenetic data, and the results showed a strong genome similarity between C. annuum and C. chinense as compared to C. baccatum. The Gypsy superfamily is more abundant than Copia, especially for Tekay/Del lineage members, including a high representation in C. annuum and C. chinense. On the other hand, C. baccatum accumulates more Athila/Tat sequences. The FISH results showed retrotransposons differentially scattered along chromosomes, except for CRM lineage sequences, which mainly have a proximal accumulation associated with heterochromatin bands.
The results confirm a close genomic relationship between C. annuum and C. chinense in comparison to C. baccatum. Centromeric GC-rich bands may be associated with the accumulation regions of CRM elements, whereas terminal and subterminal AT- and GC-rich bands do not correspond to the accumulation of the retrotransposons in the three Capsicum species tested.
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