Nutrient Parameters of Grass Silages Vaclav Kubát; Frantisec Lád; Bohuslav Čermák
Lucrări științifice zootehnie şi biotehnologii,
10/2023, Volume:
43, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Open access
The set of samples was classified by the phenophases: before the heading, the beginning of heading and full heading. Each group contained 12 samples. The parameters of nutritional value were ...evaluated. The chemical compositions (CP, PDIN and DOM) were highly significantly affected (P < 0.01) by the phenophases. The best results have been reported in grass silage harvested in the phenophase before the heading. The chemical compositions CF and NEL were better (P < 0.01) in grass silages harvested in the phenophase before the heading and in the phenophase the beginning of heading against grass silage harvested in the phenophase full heading.
Through annual plants cultivation is wanted to obtain a high quantity and quality of forage, in spring as early as possible.In this paper I have studied Lolium multiflorum var. westerwoldicum specie ...and two annual clover species (Trifolium incarnatum, Trifolium resupinatum), observing the behavior of those ones from the point of view of some production characters. Researches have shown that in which regards characters: tillers number, plant’s height and weight of the bush, variability is in general medium and small at all species, that shows that those characters are less influenced of pedoclimatic conditions and leaf’s surface presents a great variability, this one could be influenced of climatic and soil conditions.
The present study evaluated the effect of mean temperature and rainfall on phenology attainment of twenty cultivars of apple grown temperate region of Kashmir, India during 2018 and 2019. The results ...showed that increase in accumulated heat units decreased the time for attainment of phenological stages. The minimum requirement of heat units were recorded in Elstar (17 day 0C), Jona gold (18 day 0C) and Red braeburn (18 day 0C) for attainment of silver tip stage while as dormancy break was recorded earliest in cv. Red braeburrn and Red velox. The attainment of pink bud stage was recorded earliest in Red delicious followed by Elrosa and Gala redlum. However, fruit setting was found earlier in cv. Jona gold (50.1 day 0C) and late in Gala redlum and Gala mast. Highest heliothermal units were found in cv. Gala Mast (478 day 0C h) and Braeburn (461 day 0C h) and lowest in Jona gold (336 day 0C h) while as maximum hydrothermal units were found in Gala red (484 day 0C h) and Gala mast (471 day 0C h). Yield and yield associated traits were also found significantly influenced by accumulated heat units with maximum yield recorded in cv. Golden clone B (90.54 t ha-1) followed by Gala redlum (75.93 t/ha) and Red chief (71.13 t ha-1) with maximum heliothermal use efficiency (0.22), heat use efficiency (1.46) and hydrothermal use efficiency (0.22), respectively.
Abies spectabilis (East Himalayan Fir), a dominant timber-producing species in the Himalayas, plays a dynamic role in ecological balance and sustains various habitats across temperate to subalpine ...altitudes. Himalayan montane forests express signs of changes in the growth, regeneration, and population density of forest tree species due to ongoing climate change, including its upper distribution limit. The research was conducted at 30°11´02˝N and 79°39′36˝E, ranging from 3,100 to 3,500 m asl elevation in the treeline ecotone of western Himalaya. The study presents a comprehensive perspective on how water availability and its intricate interactions with climatic and ecological variables shape the dynamics of treeline ecosystems. The study’s phytosociological analysis of treeline sites revealed the complex interplay between species composition, adaptability, and regeneration potential. The eco-physiological aspects of water balance were thoroughly explored, underscoring how plants employ various strategies to cope with changing water availability. The soil moisture content ranged from 32.17 to 73.50%. The dynamic nature of water potential (pre-dawn (Ψ PD ) and mid-day (Ψ MD )) across seasons and years reflects and varies between −0.13 and − 1.25 MPa, the species’ ability to adjust and manage water balance according to environmental shifts. Osmotic potential at full turgor varied from −0.72 to −1.77 MPa, these adjustments are crucial for key life cycle events of vegetative and reproductive phases of species. The strong correlation of water potential (Ψ) and phenophases emphasizes the importance of water status in regulating these vital processes. Furthermore, the study delved into the maturation and germination processes, highlighting the significance of Ψ and moisture content in seed development and germination success. The maximum germination of 46.33% was observed when the seed moisture content was 30.90 ± 3.11%. The observed correlations between cone characteristics and seed parameters indicate the existence of trade-offs that impact seed size, weight, and germination capacity, contributing to the overall fitness of the species.
Climate change is shifting the environmental cues that determine the phenology of interacting species. Plant–pollinator systems may be susceptible to temporal mismatch if bees and flowering plants ...differ in their phenological responses to warming temperatures. While the cues that trigger flowering are well‐understood, little is known about what determines bee phenology. Using generalised additive models, we analyzed time‐series data representing 67 bee species collected over 9 years in the Colorado Rocky Mountains to perform the first community‐wide quantification of the drivers of bee phenology. Bee emergence was sensitive to climatic variation, advancing with earlier snowmelt timing, whereas later phenophases were best explained by functional traits including overwintering stage and nest location. Comparison of these findings to a long‐term flower study showed that bee phenology is less sensitive than flower phenology to climatic variation, indicating potential for reduced synchrony of flowers and pollinators under climate change.
Climate change has the potential to disrupt plant–pollinator synchrony due to different phenological responses to environmental cues. We provide the first community‐wide assessment of the drivers of bee phenology. We find that while bees time their foraging to similar environmental cues as flowers, topographic variables and species functional traits also determine phenology.
The research was carried out in order to study the effect of non-root fertilizing using complex fertilizers on the yield and quality of plum fruits of the Velikaya sinyaya variety in the Astrakhan ...region. The following treatment variants with complex fertilizers were used in the experiment: Master; Aquarin; Ultramag Boron + Ultramag Calcium; Aquarin + Ultramag Boron + Ultramag Calcium. Non-root fertilizing of plum plants was carried out before flowering, after flowering and during fruit development. On average for 2021-2023 non-root treatments contributed to an increase in the number of plum ovaries compared with the control (water treatment) by 3.3...26.7 %, the best result was obtained in the variant Ultramag Boron + Ultramag Calcium. In all variants of the experiment, foliar fertilization increased the yield of plum of the Velikaya sinyaya variety by 3.1...4.2 t/ha (LSD05 = 0.1 t/ha). The highest yield of plum fruits was formed in the variant Aquarin + Ultramag Boron + Ultramag Calcium – 12.9 t/ha (in the control – 8.7 t/ha). The maximum values of the average fruit weight were obtained in the variants Ultramag Boron + Ultramag Calcium and Aquarin + Ultramag Boron + Ultramag Calcium – 45.1 and 45.6 g, respectively (in the control – 43.3 g, LSD05 = 1.2 g). Foliar fertilizing with Ultramag Boron fertilizers together with Ultramag Calcium provided a higher sugar content (14.2 %) and the value of the sugar acid index (17.7) in the fruits of the Velikaya sinyaya plum variety (at the control – 13.2 % and 16.5 respectively).
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of climatic conditions in the photosynthesis process at three cultivars of sweet cherry (‘Van’, ‘Andreiaș’ and ‘Margonia’) from the Research ...Station for Fruit Growing (RSFG) Iași. The ecophysiological response of the sweet cherry tree species was determined by evaluating the influence of light intensity on photosynthesis, as well as by determining the content of photosynthetic and carotenoid pigments of the leaves in different phenological stages (66 BBCH, 75 BBCH and 89 BBCH). The content of pigments in the leaves was analyzed spectrophotometrically, being estimated by the value of the light absorption capacity of the acetonic extract of pigments (1%) in the visible spectrum at different wavelengths. The obtained results showed that the intensity of the photosynthesis process has maximum values in the fruit ripening phenophase, the content in photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b) registering maximum values of 14.28 µg/mL, at an average light intensity of 53,000 lux.
The multifunctionality of plants is well known to be compromised in the areas experiencing higher concentrations of tropospheric ozone (O3). Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivation is essential to ...the economy of tropical regions, including India. Mango, widely grown in suburban and rural areas, experiences production loss due to air pollutants. Ozone, the most important phytotoxic gas in mango growing areas, warrants an investigation of its effects. Therefore, we assessed the differential sensitivity of mango saplings (two-year-old hybrid and regular-bearing mango varieties, Amrapali and Mallika) at two levels of O3: ambient and elevated (ambient + 20 ppb) using open-top chambers from September 2020 to July 2022. Under elevated O3, both varieties showed similar seasonal responses (winter and summer) for all the growth parameters but differed in their height-diameter allocation pattern. A decrease in stem diameter and an increase in plant height were observed in Amrapali, whereas Mallika showed a reverse response. Early emergence of phenophases was noticed during the reproductive growth of both varieties under elevated O3 exposure. However, these changes were more pronounced in Amrapali. Stomatal conductance was more negatively affected in Amrapali than in Mallika under elevated O3 during both seasons. Furthermore, leaf morpho-physiological traits (leaf nitrogen concentration, leaf area, leaf mass per area, and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency) and inflorescence parameters responded variably in both varieties under elevated O3 stress. A decrease in photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, further enhanced yield loss which was more pronounced in Mallika than in Amrapali under elevated O3 exposure. The results of this study could be useful in selecting a better-performing variety based on its productivity, which will be economically more beneficial in achieving the goal of sustainable production at the anticipated high O3 levels under a climate change scenario.
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•Effect of ozone on the trade-off between growth, subsistence, and productivity in Indian hybrid mango varieties•Leaf morpho-physiological traits showed variable responses under elevated ozone.•Elevated O3 negatively affected fruit dimensions, both length and width.•Yield sensitivity was related to higher fruit drops and short panicles in Amrapali.•Mallika showed yield loss due to lesser fruit setting under elevated O3.
•The earlier the forest switched from C source to sink the larger the annual C sink.•Little evidence of trends in start, peak or duration of spring phenology.•Need for in-situ study of shrubs to ...explain satellite flux phenology discrepancies.
Changes in the timing and duration of spring leaf development have implications for the start of the carbon uptake period and are therefore fundamental to the accurate calculation of carbon budgets, and in determining the potential for forests to sequester CO2. Here, we examined trends in CO2 exchange (Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE), Gross Primary Production (GPP) and Ecosystem Respiration (ER)) (1997–2016) and satellite derived measures (Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and modeled Leaf Area Index (LAI)) of the start of spring from the MODIS product MOD13Q1 (2001–2016) for a mixed forest landscape in northern Wisconsin, USA. We then explored the relationship between these indirect determinants of spring phenology and the timing and duration of spring phenophases (bud-burst, leaf-out, full-leaf unfolded) of trees over a 5-year period (2006–2010). Contrary to earlier studies focus’, our analysis did not find a consistent link between the early transition, of the forest stand from C source to sink with increased annual productivity. Interestingly, while annual regional NEE trended from a source to a sink over the study period, there were no significant concomitant trends in the timing of the start of the season, peak season or the duration of the season derived from (i) satellite data (2001–2016), (ii) flux data (1997–2016) nor from in situ observations (2006–2010). The range of time periods used and difference in phenological determinants examined likely contributed to a lack of expected relationships. The results highlight the need for in situ observations of different forest layers, in particular shrubs, which could help explain current discrepancies between direct and indirect determinants of spring phenology. Furthermore, characterization of abiotic influences on C flux measurements may further explain some of the observed discrepancies.
Interactions between ants and plants bearing extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) are among the most common mutualisms in Neotropical regions. Plants secrete extrafloral nectar, a carbohydrate‐rich food that ...attracts ants, which in return protect plants against herbivores. This ant–plant mutualism is subjected to temporal variation, in which abiotic factors can drive the establishment and frequency of such mutualistic interaction. However, studies investigating how abiotic factors (e.g. climate) directly and indirectly influence ant–plant–herbivore interactions are incipient.
In this study, we investigated direct and indirect (via plant phenology) effects of temperature and rainfall on ant–plant–herbivore interactions. To address these goals, each month we estimated six plant phenophases (newly flushed leaves, fully expanded leaves, deciduousness, floral buds, flowers and fruits), the activity of EFNs and abundance of ants and herbivores in 18 EFN‐bearing plant species growing in a markedly seasonal region (the Brazilian Cerrado) during a complete growing season.
Our results showed that (a) there were marked seasonal patterns in all plant phenophases, EFN activity and the abundance of ants and herbivores; (b) the peak of EFN activity and ant and herbivore abundance simultaneously occurred at the beginning of the rainy season, when new leaves flushed and (c) rainfall directly and indirectly (via changes in the production of new leaves) influenced EFN activity and this in turn provoked changes in ant abundance (but not on herbivores).
Synthesis. Overall, our results build towards a better understanding of how climate drives seasonal patterns in ant–plant–herbivore interactions, explicitly considering plant phenology over time.
Resumo
Interações entre formigas e plantas portadoras de nectários extraflorais (NEFs) estão entre os mutualismos mais comuns nas regiões Neotropicais. As plantas secretam néctar extrafloral, um alimento rico em carboidratos que atrai formigas, que em troca protegem as plantas contra herbívoros. Esse mutualismo formiga‐planta está sujeito à variação temporal, na qual fatores abióticos podem conduzir o estabelecimento e a frequência de tal interação mutualística. No entanto, estudos que investigam como esses fatores (por exemplo, clima) influenciam direta e indiretamente as interações formiga‐planta‐herbívoro são incipientes.
Neste estudo, investigamos os efeitos diretos e indiretos (via fenologia das plantas) da temperatura e da precipitação nas interações formiga‐planta‐herbívoro. Para atingir esses objetivos, a cada mês estimamos seis fenofases das plantas (folhas recém‐lavadas, folhas totalmente expandidas, caducifólia, botões florais, flores e frutos), a atividade dos NEFs e abundância de formigas e herbívoros em 18 espécies de plantas portadoras de NEF de uma região marcadamente sazonal (o Cerrado brasileiro) durante uma estação de crescimento completa.
Nossos resultados mostraram que (i) havia padrões sazonais marcados em todas as fenofases da planta, na atividade dos NEFs e na abundância de formigas e herbívoros; (ii) o pico de atividade dos NEFs e abundância de formigas e herbívoros ocorreram simultaneamente no início da estação chuvosa, quando novas folhas surgiram; e (iii) a chuva direta e indiretamente (via mudanças na produção de novas folhas) influenciou a atividade dos NEFs e isso por sua vez provocou mudanças na abundância de formigas (mas não nos herbívoros).
Síntese. No geral, nossos resultados fornecem um melhor entendimento de como o clima impulsiona os padrões sazonais nas interações formiga‐planta‐herbívoro, considerando explicitamente a fenologia da planta ao longo do tempo.
Palavras‐chave. Interações Formiga‐Planta, Mutualismo, Defesa Indireta, Defesa Biótica, Herbivoria, Cerrado Brasileiro, Ambiente Sazonal, Fenofases.
Overall, our results build towards a better understanding of how climate drives seasonal patterns in ant–plant–herbivore interactions, explicitly considering plant phenology over time. We present an Structural Equation Modelling diagram showing direct and indirect effects of climatic variables (rainfall and temperature) on newly flushed leaves, EFN activity, and the abundance of ants and herbivores.
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