The article is devoted to the economic principles of formation of innovative development of breeding pig breeding in Ukraine. It is established that the breeding herd of breeding plants is carried ...out on the principle of self-repair, breeding pigs by the method of "closed" population, breeding breeders - mainly repair pigs of own reproduction, obtained and raised directly on the farm. Repair boars to replenish the herd are purchased from other farms, and when the ancestral herd is organized, they are raised directly in the association. In commodity herds of pig farms and breeding complexes it is desirable to carry out repair boars and pigs from breeding farms, and if necessary with a clear primary zootechnical record breeding repair pigs to replace lost queens can be carried out directly in the enterprise. Given the limited import of breeding pigs due to the spread of ASF in the world, the main task of breeding farms is the cultivation and sale of high quality young stock. However, in recent years, repair boars and pigs obtained and raised in domestic breeding enterprises are often not in demand in the market. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that the established domestic breeding base does not require unsystematic mass imports except for a small number of high-value breeding young or sperm odes of prominent breeding boars to refresh the blood of some herds under the methodical control provided by the state scientific and technical programs. The current situation in industrial pig breeding primarily requires solving the problems of automation of management of breeding and breeding work with the use of modern computer technology. The solution of this problem is especially important if the production of commercial pork uses hybridization systems, which requires a clear organization of the breeding herd when working with large populations of animals. At the same time, stabilization and further effective development of breeding enterprises cannot be ensured without modernization of instruments of state support of breeding farms, preservation and efficient use of the best domestic genetic resources and world gene pool of pig breeds, improvement of production activities and strengthening of integration with large industrial complexes. Key words: breeding pig breeding, agricultural enterprise, state support, commercial pig breeding, innovation.
•Increasing nitrogen use efficiency of pigs through breeding is possible.•Nitrogen use efficiency consists of several component traits.•Balanced breeding has to consider more than one ...component.•Environment and diet for phenotyping and selection have to be chosen wisely.•Progress in phenotyping is required to obtain sample sizes needed for selection.
Pork, an important component of human nutrition worldwide, contributes considerably to anthropogenic nitrogen and greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing the environmental impact of pig production is therefore essential. This can be achieved through system-level strategies, such as optimising resource use, improving manure management and recycling leftovers from human food production, and at the individual animal level by maintaining pig health and fine-tuning dietary protein levels to individual requirements. Breeding, coupled with nutritional strategies, offers a lasting solution to improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) − the ratio of nitrogen retained in the body to nitrogen ingested. With a heritability as high as 0.54, incorporating NUE into breeding programmes appears promising. Nitrogen use efficiency involves multiple tissues and metabolic processes, and is influenced by the environment and individual animal characteristics, including its genetic background. Heritable genetic variation in NUE may therefore occur in many different processes, including the central nervous regulation of feed intake, the endocrine system, the gastrointestinal tract where digestion and absorption take place, and the composition of the gut microbiome. An animal’s postabsorptive protein metabolism might also harbour important genetic variation, especially in the maintenance requirements of tissues and organs. Precise phenotyping, although challenging and costly, is essential for successful breeding. Various measurement techniques, such as imaging techniques and mechanistic models, are being explored for their potential in genetic analysis. Despite the difficulties in phenotyping, some studies have estimated the heritability and genetic correlations of NUE. These studies suggest that direct selection for NUE is more effective than indirect methods through feed efficiency. The complexity of NUE indicates a polygenic trait architecture, which has been confirmed by genome-wide association studies that have been unable to identify significant quantitative trait loci. Building sufficiently large reference populations to train genomic prediction models is an important next step. However, this will require the development of truly high-throughput phenotyping methods. In conclusion, breeding pigs with higher NUE is both feasible and necessary but will require increased efforts in high−throughput phenotyping and improved genome annotation.
The scale of pig breeding in China is the largest in the world, and the pollution problem of breeding wastewater is serious. Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) process is a clean and efficient ...treatment technology for breeding wastewater. This paper involved constructing the molecular model of the primary organic components in pig breeding wastewater. The effects of time, temperature and mass concentration, and the interactions of different components on the SCWG characteristics of pig breeding wastewater were studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and the decomposition process of lignin and lipid molecules in the SCWG process were analyzed, and the possible intermediates were explored. The results showed that the effect of parameters on carbon gasification efficiency (CE) and H2 production follows the order of temperature > time > mass concentration. During the gasification of lignin and lipid molecules, the C–O–C bond was broken first, and the gasification rate of lignin molecules was slow due to the benzene ring. Interactions among different organic decompositions hindered the gasification process. This paper will provide theoretical guidance for the selection of operation parameters and the control of products in the actual pig breeding wastewater treatment process.
•The MD model of wastewater containing complex organics was established.•The effects of key parameters on SCWG of pig breeding wastewater were studied.•The detailed SCWG mechanisms of pig breeding wastewater were analyzed.•The intermediate products from SCWG of pig breeding wastewater were explored.•The interaction mechanisms of different organics during SCWG were analyzed.
In this study the relationship between economic effectiveness and animal welfare standards is investigated in the case of the pig and cattle breeding. The issue is of importance in order to assess ...economic viability of livestock breeding while applying animal friendly practices. This paper considers animal welfare standards in national regulations in pig breeding and cattle breeding, production under animal welfare and economic effectiveness in the specified sectors. It is pointed out the conditions which the legislation lays down to ensure better animal welfare. The discussion continues with detailed examination of the applying these standards in the production process. At the end of the paper are presented main conclusions concerning economic efficiency under animal welfare standards. The aim of the paper is to analyse the interactions between the economic effectiveness of livestock production and animal welfare in the pig breeding and cattle breeding.
Poultry and pig farming provide two important sources of domestic meat consumption. Pig breeding has not been an economically predictable sector of agriculture, and breeders often suffer financial ...losses. This has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the current war situation. For this reason, economical production has become even more important, a basic condition that can only appear in the most stress-free environment possible. An essential condition for the production of high-quality food raw materials is the supply of excellent fattening raw materials. However, heat stress during certain stages of pregnancy, especially in the first trimester, can significantly deteriorate the quality of these raw materials. Therefore, the development of alternative contact methods and stress-free temperature measurements will be crucial in the future. This will make the daily lives of workers easier, reduce the time spent measuring temperature, and alleviate stress for pigs. By mitigating stress levels, the potential for disease outbreaks and fatalities can be significantly reduced, thereby directly and indirectly contributing to the reduction of environmental impact and environmental protection.
At present, the assessment of pig welfare quality has gained significant importance, prompting the exploration of novel biomarkers for this purpose. Traditionally, these biomarkers have been ...monitored in the blood; however, blood sampling is considered an invasive procedure. Currently, non-invasive methods for collecting samples are emerging as viable alternatives for assessing these biomarkers. This article aims to present the current knowledge regarding the use of non-invasive methods for analysing pig welfare biomarkers, specifically focusing on the saliva, hair, faeces, and urine as matrices to determine these biomarkers. The saliva analysis encompasses various biomarkers, such as cortisol, alpha-amylase, chromogranin A, the total esterase, oxytocin, acute phase proteins, adenosine deaminase, immunoglobulins and parameters of redox homeostasis. Cortisol, a specific biomarker, can be determined in the hair, urine and faeces, while urine samples allow for the analysis of catecholamines as non-invasive markers of pig welfare.
Artificial insemination plays a crucial role in pig production, particularly in enhancing the genetic potential of elite boars. To accelerate genetic progress for semen traits in pigs, it is vital to ...understand and identify the underlying genetic markers associated with desirable traits. Herein, we genotyped 1238 Landrace boars with GeneSeek Porcine SNP50 K Bead chip and conducted genome-wide association studies to identify genetic regions and candidate genes associated with 12 semen traits. Our study identified 38 SNPs associated with the analyzed 12 semen traits. Furthermore, we identified several promising candidate genes, including HIBADH, DLG1, MED1, APAF1, MGST3, MTG2, and ZP4. These candidate genes have the potential function to facilitate the breeding of boars with improved semen traits. By further investigating and understanding the roles of these genes, we can develop more effective breeding strategies that contribute to the overall enhancement of pig production. The results of our study provide valuable insights for the pig-breeding industry and support ongoing research efforts to optimize genetic selection for superior semen traits.
Pork is known as one of the preferred part of meat worldwide. Especially, the belly, known as 'Samgyeopsal' in South Korea, has been preferred by consumers in South Korea. Pork belly contained ...various component muscles, intermuscular and subcutaneous fat. The high-fat belly cut (containing 50%-60% fat ratio) has a low preference in South Korea whereas, the standard belly cut (20%-40% fat ratio) of the consumer preference was different. In addition, the evaluation system focused on lean meat production, represented by loin eye area and back fat thickness. In this review, we discussed the pork belly structure, phenotypic correlation with lean meat production ability and meat quality, and genetic potential to confirm to possibility of application to pig breeding. Moreover, the confirmed possibilities considered that could be a base on the evaluation of standard for the pork belly as an economic trait.
The premise was tested that the additional genetic gain was achieved in the overall breeding objective in a pig breeding program using genomic selection (GS) compared to a conventional breeding ...program, however, some traits achieved larger gain than other traits. GS scenarios based on different reference population sizes were evaluated. The scenarios were compared using a deterministic simulation model to predict genetic gain in scenarios with and without using genomic information as an additional information source. All scenarios were compared based on selection accuracy and predicted genetic gain per round of selection for objective traits in both sire and dam lines. The results showed that GS scenarios increased overall response in the breeding objectives by 9% to 56% and 3.5% to 27% in the dam and sire lines, respectively. The difference in response resulted from differences in the size of the reference population. Although all traits achieved higher selection accuracy in GS, traits with limited phenotypic information at the time of selection or with low heritability, such as sow longevity, number of piglets born alive, pre- and post-weaning survival, as well as meat and carcass quality traits achieved the largest additional response. This additional response came at the expense of smaller responses for traits that are easy to measure, such as back fat and average daily gain in GS compared to the conventional breeding program. Sow longevity and drip loss percentage did not change in a favourable direction in GS with a reference population of 500 pigs. With a reference population of 1000 pigs or onwards, sow longevity and drip loss percentage began to change in a favourable direction. Despite the smaller responses for average daily gain and back fat thickness in GS, the overall breeding objective achieved additional gain in GS.
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