The article presents the results of an experiment studying the influence of the technology of cultivation of Emelya barley variety on productivity in the conditions of the Republic of Khakassia. The ...experiment was carried out in 2022 at Chernogorskoe settlement, located in the Ust-Abakansky district of the Republic of Khakassia. The results of the study showed that the maximum productivity of barley variety Emelya was obtained when azofoska was applied at a dose of 60 kg. d. per hectar with the use of plant protection products of 4.05 t/ha. The increase in comparison with the control was 1.12 t/ha.
Sustainable agriculture aims to meet the food needs of the growing world population while ensuring minimal impact on the environment and humans as well as productivity. Although pesticides represent ...the backbone of the agri-food sector in its endeavor to secure food production their application is perceived by many as an obstacle towards the achievement of sustainability; the main concerns are linked with their adverse effects on human health and the environment. Τhis review aims to present the status of chemical plant protection and provide insights into the use of pesticides within the context of sustainable agriculture. It mainly focuses on the strengthened legislation frameworks, which especially in the European Union and the United States of America ensure the placement in the market of pesticides with acceptable toxicological and environmental profiles without compromising crop production. Furthermore, the implementation of Integrated Pest Management principles plays a key role in the sustainable use of pesticides. The stringent regulatory requirements have resulted in the dramatic increase of the associated effort and costs in pesticide research and development (R&D) of improved products. Nevertheless, the investment of leading agrochemical companies in the R&D of new pesticides remains high. All the above set the ground for the sustainable use of pesticides in crop production while their successful application remains a challenge.
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•Sustainable use of pesticides is one way concerning anthroposphere and biosphere.•Pesticide authorization verifies an acceptable risk to humans and environment.•Management of pesticides can corroborate sustainability in agriculture.•The investment in pesticide R&D remains high.•Co-operation of all stakeholders is essential for the sustainable food production.
Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) is the target for more than 50 commercial herbicides; first applied to crops in the 1980s. Since then, 197 site-of-action resistance isolates have been identified in ...weeds, with mutations at P197 and W574 the most prevalent. Consequently, AHAS is at risk of not being a useful target for crop protection. To develop new herbicides, a functional understanding to explain the effect these mutations have on activity is required. Here, we show that these mutations can have two effects (i) to reduce binding affinity of the herbicides and (ii) to abolish time-dependent accumulative inhibition, critical to the exceptional effectiveness of this class of herbicide. In the two mutants, conformational changes occur resulting in a loss of accumulative inhibition by most herbicides. However, bispyribac, a bulky herbicide is able to counteract the detrimental effects of these mutations, explaining why no site-of-action resistance has yet been reported for this herbicide.
•We determined the number of insidious flower bug adults that need to be released to regulate western flower thrips populations.•We assessed if integrating insidious flower bug adults with the ...insecticide, spinosad is a viable plant protection strategy.•We found that releasing three to four insidious flower bug adults provides sufficient regulation of western flower thrips populations and reduces plant damage.
The insidious flower bug, Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), is a generalist predator that feeds on western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), larvae and adults. Our study involved a series of experiments conducted under laboratory and greenhouse conditions from 2017 to 2020 to: 1) determine the number of insidious flower bug adults that should be released to manage western flower thrips populations below damaging levels, 2) assess if integrating the insidious flower bug with the insecticide spinosad (Conserve®) is a viable alternative plant protection strategy, and 3) determine if short (<12 h) or long (>12 h) day lengths/photoperiods affect insidious flower bug predation on western flower thrips under greenhouse conditions. We found that releasing three or four insidious flower bug adults was most effective in managing western flower thrips populations on chrysanthemum, Tanacetum × grandiflorum, plants with the mean number of western flower thrips adults and larvae per chrysanthemum plant < 10. We determined that spinosad can be used with the insidious flower bug to manage western flower thrips populations. Finally, we ascertained that insidious flower bug predation was not affected by short 10.5:13.5 (light:dark hours) or long 14.5:9.5 (light:dark hours) day lengths/photoperiods. Consequently, greenhouse producers can release the insidious flower bug anytime during the growing season, even from fall through winter, to manage populations of western flower thrips on chrysanthemum. In addition, greenhouse producers can integrate spray applications of spinosad with the insidious flower bug as long as the applications do not negatively affect insidious flower bugs.
The promise of plastics from plants Hillmyer, Marc A.
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
11/2017, Volume:
358, Issue:
6365
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Plant-derived feedstocks are increasingly competitive in plastics production
Polymers protect us from the elements, increase the fuel efficiency of cars, protect food from pathogens, help cure ...disease, and enable renewable-energy technologies. To promote, foster, and enable a sustainable society, we need polymers. Yet polymers can also create serious environmental challenges. Nearly all plastic packaging produced—more than 80 billion kg annually—originates from fossil resources and is disposed of after a relatively short period of use ( 1 , 2 ). An increasing fraction of plastic is recycled or incinerated to recover energy, but most ends up in landfills, littering cities or landscapes, and in the oceans ( 3 ). New recycling concepts ( 4 ), clean incineration, and the development of polymers that can rapidly degrade ( 5 ) will be key to addressing these problems. Shifting from petrochemical feedstocks to renewable resources—making plastics from plants—can also rectify some environmental challenges associated with petrochemical extraction and render plastics production sustainable (see the figure).
Tomato variety Hawaii 7996 is resistant to the soil-borne pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, whereas the Moneymaker variety is susceptible to the pathogen. To evaluate whether plant-associated ...microorganisms have a role in disease resistance, we analyzed the rhizosphere microbiomes of both varieties in a mesocosm experiment. Microbiome structures differed between the two cultivars. Transplantation of rhizosphere microbiota from resistant plants suppressed disease symptoms in susceptible plants. Comparative analyses of rhizosphere metagenomes from resistant and susceptible plants enabled the identification and assembly of a flavobacterial genome that was far more abundant in the resistant plant rhizosphere microbiome than in that of the susceptible plant. We cultivated this flavobacterium, named TRM1, and found that it could suppress R. solanacearum-disease development in a susceptible plant in pot experiments. Our findings reveal a role for native microbiota in protecting plants from microbial pathogens, and our approach charts a path toward the development of probiotics to ameliorate plant diseases.
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