The paper presents a modern agricultural technique in the protection of plants through electrostatic charging. The use of electronic devices achieves more efficient and far more precise protection of ...plants, which represents an increasing challenge during plant production. The use of electrostatic charge when applying protective agents is applicable in classic conventional production and in ecological plant production, which contributes to even greater interest of farmers. The paper presents different agricultural systems for applying protective agents via electrostatic charge.
Systemic propagation of immunity in plants Vlot, A. Corina; Sales, Jennifer H.; Lenk, Miriam ...
The New phytologist,
February 2021, 2021-02-00, 20210201, Volume:
229, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Summary
Systemic immunity triggered by local plant–microbe interactions is studied as systemic acquired resistance (SAR) or induced systemic resistance (ISR) depending on the site of induction and ...the lifestyle of the inducing microorganism. SAR is induced by pathogens interacting with leaves, whereas ISR is induced by beneficial microbes interacting with roots. Although salicylic acid (SA) is a central component of SAR, additional signals exclusively promote systemic and not local immunity. These signals cooperate in SAR‐ and possibly also ISR‐associated signaling networks that regulate systemic immunity. The non‐SA SAR pathway is driven by pipecolic acid or its presumed bioactive derivative N‐hydroxy‐pipecolic acid. This pathway further regulates inter‐plant defense propagation through volatile organic compounds that are emitted by SAR‐induced plants and recognized as defense cues by neighboring plants. Both SAR and ISR influence phytohormone crosstalk towards enhanced defense against pathogens, which at the same time affects the composition of the plant microbiome. This potentially leads to further changes in plant defense, plant–microbe, and plant–plant interactions. Therefore, we propose that such inter‐organismic interactions could be combined in potentially highly effective plant protection strategies.
Plants are subjected to a plethora of environmental cues that cause extreme losses to crop productivity. Due to fluctuating environmental conditions, plants encounter difficulties in attaining full ...genetic potential for growth and reproduction. One such environmental condition is the recurrent attack on plants by herbivores and microbial pathogens. To surmount such attacks, plants have developed a complex array of defense mechanisms. The defense mechanism can be either preformed, where toxic secondary metabolites are stored; or can be inducible, where defense is activated upon detection of an attack. Plants sense biotic stress conditions, activate the regulatory or transcriptional machinery, and eventually generate an appropriate response. Plant defense against pathogen attack is well understood, but the interplay and impact of different signals to generate defense responses against biotic stress still remain elusive. The impact of light and dark signals on biotic stress response is one such area to comprehend. Light and dark alterations not only regulate defense mechanisms impacting plant development and biochemistry but also bestow resistance against invading pathogens. The interaction between plant defense and dark/light environment activates a signaling cascade. This signaling cascade acts as a connecting link between perception of biotic stress, dark/light environment, and generation of an appropriate physiological or biochemical response. The present review highlights molecular responses arising from dark/light fluctuations
elicitation of defense mechanisms in plants.
The modification of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition by plant carbon (C) input (priming effect) represents a critical biogeochemical process that controls soil C dynamics. However, the ...patterns and drivers of the priming effect remain hidden, especially over broad geographic scales under various climate and soil conditions. By combining systematic field and laboratory analyses based on multiple analytical and statistical approaches, we explore the determinants of priming intensity along a 2200 km grassland transect on the Tibetan Plateau. Our results show that SOM stability characterized by chemical recalcitrance and physico-chemical protection explains more variance in the priming effect than plant, soil and microbial properties. High priming intensity (up to 137% of basal respiration) is associated with complex SOM chemical structures and low mineral-organic associations. The dependence of priming effect on SOM stabilization mechanisms should be considered in Earth System Models to accurately predict soil C dynamics under changing environments.
Wax biosynthesis in response to danger Lewandowska, Milena; Keyl, Alisa; Feussner, Ivo
The New phytologist,
08/2020, Volume:
227, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The plant cuticle is the first physical barrier between land plants and their terrestrial environment. It consists of the polyester scaffold cutin embedded and sealed with organic, ...solvent-extractable cuticular waxes. Cuticular wax ultrastructure and chemical composition differ with plant species, developmental stage and physiological state. Despite this complexity, cuticular wax consistently serves a critical role in restricting nonstomatal water loss. It also protects the plant against other environmental stresses, including desiccation, UVradiation, microorganisms and insects. Within the broader context of plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, our knowledge of the explicit roles of wax crystalline structures and chemical compounds is lacking. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of wax biosynthesis and regulation in relation to abiotic and biotic stresses and stress responses.
Anti-vitamin K (AVK) compounds are highly potent anticoagulants which are particularly effective for controlling rodent species populations. AVKs have been the most widely used chemical rodenticide ...option employed since the 1950s for the control of rodents infesting stored commodities and storage facilities, and also in a wide range of other scenarios. However, reports of AVK resistance in wild rodent populations are becoming increasingly common. This could potentially lead to a substantial reduction in AVK efficacy resulting in an impaired ability to manage rodent infestations in the future. The current state of knowledge regarding AVK resistance mechanisms in common pest species is still incomplete. This review draws together reported incidences of AVK resistance in the literature and the underlying mechanisms suspected of conferring resistance for the three main pest rodent species Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus and Mus musculus. The purpose of this review is to compare and contrast the underlying resistance mechanisms in these species and demonstrate how this should influence programs for monitoring and avoiding the development of AVK resistance in target rodent species.
•Review of AVK rodenticide development and modes and mechanism of action in target species.•Detailed description of the known resistance mechanisms and their presence in M. musculus, R. rattus and R. norvegicus.•Recommendations for national assessments monitoring AVK resistance levels in wild rodent populations.
Carotenoids are tetraterpene pigments that are distributed in photosynthetic bacteria, some species of archaea and fungi, algae, plants, and animals. About 850 naturally occurring carotenoids had ...been reported up until 2018. Photosynthetic bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants can synthesize carotenoids de novo. Carotenoids are essential pigments in photosynthetic organs along with chlorophylls. Carotenoids also act as photo-protectors, antioxidants, color attractants, and precursors of plant hormones in non-photosynthetic organs of plants. Animals cannot synthesize carotenoids de novo, and so those found in animals are either directly accumulated from food or partly modified through metabolic reactions. So, animal carotenoids show structural diversity. Carotenoids in animals play important roles such precursors of vitamin A, photo-protectors, antioxidants, enhancers of immunity, and contributors to reproduction. In the present review, I describe the structural diversity, function, biosyntheses, and metabolism of natural carotenoids.
Seed Coating: Science or Marketing Spin? Pedrini, Simone; Merritt, David J.; Stevens, Jason ...
Trends in plant science,
February 2017, 2017-02-00, 20170201, Volume:
22, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Seed coating is the practice of covering seeds with external materials to improve handling, protection, and, to a lesser extent, germination enhancement and plant establishment. With an annual value ...exceeding US$1 billion dollars, this technology is mostly the preserve of the private research sector, with few links to the scientific community. Here, we analyse the science and industry of seed coating and its contribution to seed establishment and plant performance. We posit that a closer collaboration between academia and industry is critical to realising the potential of seed coating both as a tool for enhancing plant establishment in the face of the challenges posed to agricultural systems and to propel the multibillion-dollar global push for ecological restoration of degraded ecosystems.
Artificial coating of seed is used to improve handling and for the delivery of protectants, symbiotic microorganisms, micronutrients, soil adjuvants, germination promoters, growth regulators, and colours.
The private sector owns and controls most of the technology, with the bulk of the expertise and capacity residing in a few multinational companies that have limited research connection with academia.
The research effort of industry is focussed on protective treatments (e.g., insecticides and pesticides), seed bulking, and embellishment for marketing purposes. The deployment of phytoactive promoters is rarely reported.
Seed coatings are mostly applied to crop and vegetable varieties. Despite the global push for ecological restoration, the scientific community rarely considers seed technologies for use on native species and there is no recorded interest from the corporate sector in restoration.
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