Since first introduced in the late 1960s, three-dimensional (3D) printing has gained great attention from academia and industry because of its potential hyper flexibility and precision nature in ...designing and manufacturing of any complex structural products. As a result of much effort, a number of 3D printing technologies have been developed so far, which can be categorized by seven major families depending upon the printing schemes and layering materials. In this article, the recent advances in the seven 3D printing families were critically reviewed from the views of pros and cons in the methodology nature, material availability, printed product size and quality, product properties performance, cost, and applicability. The global 3D printing market was also discussed, including 3D printer and layering material markets. In addition, perspectives were given for further advancing 3D printers in the repeatability and reproducibility, developing new layering materials with processability and property performances, building up and utilization of data bases on the process−morphology development−property relations, and reducing investment and production costs, which are necessary to expand global 3D printing market to all research and industrial fields.
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•SIS/MBG@Exos exhibits excellent biocompatibility and hemostastic abilities.•Bioactive exosomes released from SIS/MBG@Exos enhance angiogenesis of HUVECs.•3D printing porous scaffolds ...contribute to cell growth and promote wound healing.•SIS/MBG@Exos provides a promising cell-free therapy for diabetic wound healing.
Diabetic wounds represent a pressing concern affecting the health and quality of life of patients. Despite the continuous improvement in therapeutic strategy, diabetic wounds remain a worldwide challenge. Vascular dysfunction, in part due to hyperglycemia, is a well-identified factor contributing to inadequate healing in diabetic wounds. In the current study, we utilize an extrusion-based cryogenic 3D printing technology to construct decellularized small intestinal submucosa (SIS) combined with mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) and exosomes to fabricate a produce a 3D scaffold dressing (SIS/MBG@Exos) which permits sustained release of bioactive exosomes. The SIS/MBG@Exos hydrogel scaffolds possess a good 3D structure with an suitable porosity, biocompatibility and hemostasis ability, which could promote the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The results of diabetic wounds in vivo indicate that the SIS/MBG@Exos hydrogel scaffolds accelerate diabetic wound healing through increasing the blood flow of wounds and stimulating the angiogenesis process of the diabetic wound. The SIS/MBG@Exos hydrogel scaffolds also promote granulation tissue formation, well-organized collagen fiber deposition, functional new blood vessel growth, factors promoting wound healing. Taken together, this research presents a promising novel strategy for the treatment of diabetic wounds.
Driven by advances in science and technology, the demand for structural and functional ceramics in various industries has been increasing over the past few decades. However, the limitations of ...conventional manufacturing processes have hindered the further development of advanced ceramics. 3D printing technology stands out for its capacity to produce intricate structures and customized functionalities, enabling the integration of complex geometries with superior properties of ceramic materials for frontier applications. Herein, 3D printing technologies based on different molding principles are systematically introduced. Next, recent progress in the fabrication of 3D printable advanced ceramics is reviewed in detail. Subsequently, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of frontier applications of 3D printed structure-function integrated ceramics, including electromagnetic absorbers, piezoelectric devices, ceramic cores, bone tissue engineering, dental restorations, and thermal applications. Finally, the challenges and directions for future development of ceramic 3D printing are discussed, as well as the potential of 4D printing.
3D printing has been widely used in the micromachining fields due to its flexibility in design and fabrication. However, due to the presence of undulations on the surface of the finished part, the 3D ...printing has hardly been employed in the optics manufacturing. In this study, we propose a manufacturing method for optical splitters based on 3D printing and microfluidic abrasive machining. We simulate the effect of microfluidic abrasive machining on microchannels, that helps mitigate the impact of undulations. The 3D printed optical splitter using microfluidic abrasive machining presents high efficiency in optical propagation and high uniformity. We believe that the 3D printing accompanied with microfluidic abrasive micromachining would be a promising technique in the optics manufacturing fields.
FDA recently approved a 3D-printed drug product in August 2015, which is indicative of a new chapter for pharmaceutical manufacturing. This review article summarizes progress with 3D printed drug ...products and discusses process development for solid oral dosage forms.
3D printing is a layer-by-layer process capable of producing 3D drug products from digital designs. Traditional pharmaceutical processes, such as tablet compression, have been used for decades with established regulatory pathways. These processes are well understood, but antiquated in terms of process capability and manufacturing flexibility. 3D printing, as a platform technology, has competitive advantages for complex products, personalized products, and products made on-demand. These advantages create opportunities for improving the safety, efficacy, and accessibility of medicines.
Although 3D printing differs from traditional manufacturing processes for solid oral dosage forms, risk-based process development is feasible. This review highlights how product and process understanding can facilitate the development of a control strategy for different 3D printing methods.
Overall, the authors believe that the recent approval of a 3D printed drug product will stimulate continual innovation in pharmaceutical manufacturing technology. FDA encourages the development of advanced manufacturing technologies, including 3D-printing, using science- and risk-based approaches.
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The fourth industrial revolution, a term coined by Klaus Schwab, founder and executive chairman of the World Economic Forum, describes a world where individuals move between digital domains and ...offline reality with the use of connected technology to enable and manage their lives. (Miller 2015, 3) The first industrial revolution changed our lives and economy from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. Oil and electricity facilitated mass production in the second industrial revolution. In the third industrial revolution, information technology was used to automate production. Although each industrial revolution is often considered a separate event, together they can be better understood as a series of events building upon innovations of the previous revolution and leading to more advanced forms of production. This article discusses the major features of the four industrial revolutions, the opportunities of the fourth industrial revolution, and the challenges of the fourth industrial revolution.
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•Six kinds of implants with customized irregular shapes were designed and fabricated via FDM 3D printing technology and the printing accuracy were evaluated.•Two kinds of implants ...with customized dosages were designed by controlling the volume size of the implant and regulating the grid widths of each layer respectively, and were then fabricated via SSE 3D printing technology and the accuracy of dosage control were clearly verified.•Three kinds of implants with customized internal structures were designed and fabricated via FDM 3D and SSE 3D printing technologies, respectively, and the in vitro drug release behaviors were then analyzed.•The in vitro antibacterial effects, in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of customized implants printed via FDM 3D and SSE 3D printing technologies were explored.
A customized implantable drug delivery system with the dual functions of playing a supporting role and providing continuous bacteriostasis is of great importance during the treatment of bone defect diseases. The main objective of this study was to explore the potential of using three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies to fabricate customized implants. Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (Cipro) was chosen as the model drug, and two printing technologies, semisolid extrusion (SSE) and fused deposition modeling (FDM) were introduced. Six kinds of implants with customized irregular shapes were printed via FDM technology. Two kinds of implants with customized dosages were constructed via SSE technology. In addition, three kinds of implants with customized internal structures were produced via FDM and SSE technologies. The data for morphology, dimensions and mechanical properties demonstrated satisfactory printability and good printing accuracy when applying SSE and FDM technologies to produce the customized implants. The dissolution curves indicated that the desired customized drug release could be achieved by designing the specific internal structures. The biocompatibility examination showed that the printed implants possessed outstanding biocompatibility. In conclusion, all results suggested that 3D printing technologies provide a feasible method and novel strategy to fabricate customized implantable drug delivery systems.
Engineered skeletal muscle tissues that mimic the structure and function of native muscle have been considered as an alternative strategy for the treatment of various muscular diseases and injuries. ...Here, it is demonstrated that 3D cell-printing of decellularized skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (mdECM)-based bioink facilitates the fabrication of functional skeletal muscle constructs. The cellular alignment and the shape of the tissue constructs are controlled by 3D cell-printing technology. mdECM bioink provides the 3D cell-printed muscle constructs with a myogenic environment that supports high viability and contractility as well as myotube formation, differentiation, and maturation. More interestingly, the preservation of agrin is confirmed in the mdECM, and significant increases in the formation of acetylcholine receptor clusters are exhibited in the 3D cell-printed muscle constructs. In conclusion, mdECM bioink and 3D cell-printing technology facilitate the mimicking of both the structural and functional properties of native muscle and hold great promise for producing clinically relevant engineered muscle for the treatment of muscular injuries.
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Additive manufacturing, also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, has recently emerged as a promising fabrication technology for a variety of applications with diverse ...complex architectures, as it allows for simple printing of desired pattern, fast prototyping, reduced fabrication process and low cost. As an important type of 3D printing technology, direct ink writing (DIW) endows the electrochemical energy storage devices (EESDs) with excellent electrochemical performance with high areal energy density and excellent rate capability owing to enhanced ion/electron transportation and surface kinetics induced by the designed patterns and device architecture. In view of the current infancy and urgency, as well as the lack of in-depth discussion, we critically overview the DIW 3D printing technology for EESDs devices in terms of materials selectivity principle for ink formulation and rheology, technical challenges (design principles and optimization strategies) and various EESDs applications in a comprehensive yet concise fashion. In this review, firstly, we introduce the typical features of DIW 3D printing technology. Subsequently, we discuss the design and optimization strategies towards several key parameters of DIW, including printable ink formulation, printing process and post treatment, device configuration and electrode pattern, porosity and tortuosity, as well as the package. Thereafter, we summarize the advances and recent progress of various EESDs devices fabricated by DIW technology, including conventional lithium/sodium ion batteries, newly emerged lithium sulfur/selenide/oxygen batteries, lithium/sodium-metal batteries, Ni-Fe batteries, zinc-air batteries, zinc ion batteries and supercapacitors, with a detailed analysis of rational design mechanism of each EESD. At last, the remaining challenges and research orientations in this booming field are proposed to motivate the future research and development of 3D printed EESDs.
•The performance of biopolymers can be modified via molecular engineering.•Modified biopolymers are promising for advanced functional electronics.•Biopolymers are featured in low-cost, eco-friendly ...and large-scale fabrication.•Future challenges and developments of electronic biopolymers are proposed.
Biopolymers with excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and multiple active sites have been widely used in biomedical fields. Currently, the unique electronic properties of biopolymers have been continuously exploited for designing wearable, implantable and biodegradable electronics. In the view of molecular engineering including molecular design and assembly and structural modification, this review provides a comprehensive overview of advanced biopolymers related to energy, sensors, displays and bionic devices, and indicates the important roles of structural modification on tuning device performance. In addition, representative printing technologies are discussed to highlight their features in low-cost, eco-friendly and scalable-up fabrication of biopolymer electronics. Furthermore, the current challenges and future opportunities are prospected to point out how electronic biopolymers will be modified or developed for next-generation flexible and wearable bioelectronics.
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