The curricular approach aligns the mission, goals, outcomes, and practices of a student affairs division, unit, or other unit that works to educate students beyond the classroom with those of the ...institution, and organizes intentional and developmentally sequenced strategies to facilitate student learning. In this book, the authors explain how to implement a curricular approach for educating students beyond the classroom. The book is based on more than a decade of implementing curricular approaches on multiple campuses, contributing to the scholarship on the curricular approach, and helping many campuses design, implement, and assess their student learning efforts. The curricular approach is rooted in scholarship and the connections between what we know about learning, assessment, pedagogy, and student success. For many who have been socialized in a more traditional programming approach, it may feel revolutionary. Yet, it is also obvious because it is straightforward and simple.
This paper reviews the economic research on obesity, covering topics such as the measurement of, and trends in, obesity, the economic causes of obesity (e.g. the monetary price and time cost of food, ...food assistance programs, income, education, macroeconomic conditions, and peer effects), and the economic consequences of obesity (e.g. lower wages, a lower probability of employment, and higher medical care costs). It also examines the extent to which obesity imposes negative externalities, and economic interventions that could potentially internalize such externalities, such as food taxes, subsidies for school-based physical activity programs, and financial rewards for weight loss. It discusses other economic rationales for government intervention with respect to obesity, such as imperfect information, time inconsistent preferences, and irrational behavior. It concludes by proposing a research agenda for the field.
Overall, the evidence suggests that there is no single dominant economic cause of obesity; a wide variety of factors may contribute a modest amount to the risk. There is consistent evidence regarding the economic consequences of obesity, which are lower wages and higher medical care costs that impose negative externalities through health insurance. Studies of economic approaches to preventing obesity, such as menu labeling, taxes on energy-dense foods, and financial rewards for weight loss find only modest effects on weight and thus a range of policies may be necessary to have a substantial effect on the prevalence of obesity.
This book presents an integrated collection of representative approaches for scaling up machine learning and data mining methods on parallel and distributed computing platforms. Demand for ...parallelizing learning algorithms is highly task-specific: in some settings it is driven by the enormous dataset sizes, in others by model complexity or by real-time performance requirements. Making task-appropriate algorithm and platform choices for large-scale machine learning requires understanding the benefits, trade-offs and constraints of the available options. Solutions presented in the book cover a range of parallelization platforms from FPGAs and GPUs to multi-core systems and commodity clusters, concurrent programming frameworks including CUDA, MPI, MapReduce and DryadLINQ, and learning settings (supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised and online learning). Extensive coverage of parallelization of boosted trees, SVMs, spectral clustering, belief propagation and other popular learning algorithms and deep dives into several applications make the book equally useful for researchers, students and practitioners.
Aims
To estimate the effects of needle and syringe programmes (NSP) and opioid substitution therapy (OST), alone or in combination, for preventing acquisition of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in people who ...inject drugs (PWID).
Methods
Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Bibliographic databases were searched for studies measuring concurrent exposure to current OST (within the last 6 months) and/or NSP and HCV incidence among PWID. High NSP coverage was defined as regular NSP attendance or ≥ 100% coverage (receiving sufficient or greater number of needles and syringes per reported injecting frequency). Studies were assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias in non‐randomized studies tool. Random‐effects models were used in meta‐analysis.
Results
We identified 28 studies (n = 6279) in North America (13), United Kingdom (five), Europe (four), Australia (five) and China (one). Studies were at moderate (two), serious (17) critical (seven) and non‐assessable risk of bias (two). Current OST is associated with 50% risk ratio (RR) =0.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.40–0.63 reduction in HCV acquisition risk, consistent across region and with low heterogeneity (I2 = 0, P = 0.889). Weaker evidence was found for high NSP coverage (RR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.39–1.61) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 77%, P = 0.002). After stratifying by region, high NSP coverage in Europe was associated with a 56% reduction in HCV acquisition risk (RR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.24–0.80) with low heterogeneity (I2 = 12.3%, P = 0.337), but not in North America (RR = 1.58, I2 = 89.5%, P = < 0.001). Combined OST/NSP is associated with a 74% reduction in HCV acquisition risk (RR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.07–0.89, I2 = 80% P = 0.007). According to Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria, the evidence on OST and combined OST/NSP is low quality, while NSP is very low.
Conclusions
Opioid substitution therapy reduces risk of hepatitis C acquisition and is strengthened in combination with needle and syringe programmes (NSP). There is weaker evidence for the impact of needle syringe programmes alone, although stronger evidence that high coverage is associated with reduced risk in Europe.
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): This research was funded by the Ministry of Health, Czech Republic; conceptual development of ...research organization (FNBr, 65269705).
Background
Since the beginning of 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, causing COVID-19, has been affected worldwide. During the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, health care provision was significantly reduced or interrupted as a precaution. In particular quarantine and social isolation, public health preventive measures of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic have been found to be associated with worsening cardiovascular risk factors. CR exercise programs have also been affected by these restrictions" effects, and stress testing was attenuated due to concerns about the spread of the disease through the potential transfer of aerosol particles. Therefore, in many centers or specialized clinics, CR programs have been partially interrupted.
Purpose
The purpose of our research was to propose the possibility of an alternative approach, namely remotely monitored CR, which takes into account the recommendations for COVID-19 quarantine in cardiac patients. We assumed that through the remotely monitored CR based on a walking test, we would conduct an effective alternative intervention to improve cardiorespiratory fitness.
Methods
From October to December 2020, we performed an 8-week study of remotely monitored CR in cardiac patients with low to moderate cardiovascular risk. The intervention was based on the principles of II. phase of CR and consisted of regular physical exercise and teleconsultations in the home-based setting. Patients were instructed to perform regular physical exercise 3 - 5 times a week, for a minimum of 30 minutes, to control the intensity on an HR monitor at the target zone determined by calculation based on the 200-meter fast-walk test (200MFWT) result. Besides, patients were instructed that the physical exercise intensity was consistent with the rate of perceived exertion rating between "somewhat hard" to "hard" (12 - 14). The study physiotherapist was a remote trainer who telemonitored patients and gave them telephone feedback once every two weeks.
Results
The study completed ten patients. All patients were post-cardiac revascularization with recommended medication, including beta-blockers. The average age was 60.5 ± 8.8 years. The statistical analysis showed significantly improved cardiorespiratory fitness by reducing the 200MFWT time from 116.8 ± 7.2 seconds to 105.0 ± 5.8 seconds (p = 0.005). The above performance improvement was achieved without a statistically significant change in HRmax at the end of 200MFW. No physical activity-related adverse events were reported throughout the intervention.
Conclusion(s): Our study supports the effectiveness of remotely monitored CR, which can address limited access during the COVID-19 pandemic. Research evidence suggests that CR based on a walking test and telemonitoring via an HR monitor can effectively increase cardiorespiratory fitness in cardiac patients with low to moderate cardiovascular risk.
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: None.
Introduction
Home-based Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR-HB) models have been shown to be effective, however, there is a large variation of ...protocols and minimal evidence of effectiveness in higher risk populations, in which exercise at distance might be concerning. In addition, lack of reimbursement models has discouraged the widespread adoption of CR-HB. During the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, an even greater gap in CR care has emerged due to the decreased availability of on-site services.
Purpose
Evaluation of the safety of a CR-HB program during COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods
Prospective cohort study which included patients (pts) who were participating in a centre-based CR program and accepted to participate in a CR-HB after the centre-based CR program closure due to COVID-19. The CR-HB consisted in a multidisciplinary digital CR program, including: 1.pts regular clinical and exercise risk assessment; 2.psychological tele-appointments and group sessions; 3. online exercise training sessions, which consisted of recorded videos and real time online exercise training sessions (each session recommended 3 times per week, during 60 minutes); 4.structured online educational program for pts and family members/caregivers, including educational videos and webinars; 5. follow-up fortnightly questionnaire to evaluate risk factors control and need for appointments or directing to hospital; 6. nutrition tele-appointments; 7. physician tele-appointments, scheduled according to follow-up questionnaire or at patients request (e-mail or telephone) to avoid unnecessary exposure and overload in the hospital. Minor and major adverse events such as hospitalizations due to cardiac event or other non CV reason, cardiac or noncardiac death, during or immediately after the exercise sessions, were collected.
Results
116 cardiovascular disease (CVD) pts (62.6 ± 8.9 years, 95 males) who were attending a Centre-based CR program were included in a CR-HB program. Almost 90% (n = 103) of the participants had coronary artery disease; 13.8% pts had heart failure. The mean LVEF was 52 ± 11%; 31,1% of the population had at least moderate risk. Regarding risk factors, obesity was the most common risk factor (74.7%) followed by hypertension (59.6%), family history (41.8%), dyslipidaemia (37.9%), diabetes (18.1%), and smoking (12.9%).
98 CVD pts (85.5%) successfully completed all the online assessments. Three male participants dropped out for hospitalization due to knee surgery, pacemaker implantation and in-stent restenosis without relation to exercise sessions. No major events were registered during the exercise training sessions and only one minor adverse event, sprained ankle, was reported during the training sessions.
Conclusions
This CR-HB program, originated by the need of social distancing during COVID-19 pandemic, revealed to be a valuable and safe strategy to reach at distance most patients previously in a Centre-based CR program.
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): Dr. Sardjito Hospital Funding
Background
During the COVID-19 pandemic, exercise-based cardiac ...rehabilitation (EBCR) faced challenges. Patients could not freely attend EBCR in hospital. In our hospital, cardiac rehabilitation (CR) service adapted to the pandemic condition by reducing to sessions per week.
Purpose
This study aimed to investigate whether the adaptation protocol of EBCR during COVID-19 period influenced the CR result.
Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study. The subjects were patients underwent EBCR program in CR Service of our hospital. We retrieved the CR program registry and divided it into two periods, namely the non-pandemic period (January 2019 – February 2020) and the COVID-19 period (March 2020 – December 2020). During the non-pandemic period, subjects performed EBCR 3 times (@45 min) per week for 10-12 total sessions. During the COVID-19 period, the EBCR session was reduced 2 times (@45 min) per week for 10-12 total sessions. However, patients might modify the sessions provided space availability and acceptable reason. After total sessions were completed, the treadmill test evaluation was performed. We compared the duration and metabolic equivalent (METs) achieved in the treadmill test evaluation.
Results
There was nearly 50% reduction in patients who underwent EBCR during the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 48), compared to during the non-pandemic period (n = 96). Post septal defect closure (42.7% vs. 60.4%) and mitral valve surgery (35.4% vs. 29.2%) predominated subjects registered for EBCR during the non-pandemic and the COVID-19 period, whereas post CABG was the minority (4.2% vs. 4.2%). Among 144 registered subjects, majority completed EBCR sessions and underwent treadmill test evaluation (79 (82.3%) vs. 37 (77.1%) during the non-pandemic and the COVID-19 period). During the COVID-19 period, the most common sessions were 2 times per week (48.6%), followed by 5 times per week (32.4%), whereas during the non-pandemic period, 3 times per week was the most common (77.2%), followed by 5 times per week (19.0%) (p < 0.001). Total sessions did not significantly differ between the non pandemic and the COVID-19 period. Total sessions also did not significantly differ among subjects undergoing 2 times per week, 3 times per week, and 5 times per week sessions. There was no difference in duration (7.1 ± 1.9 min vs. 6.6 ± 1.9 min, p = 0,136) and METs (7.5 ± 1.8 vs. 6.9 ± 1.9, p = 0.192) achieved on treadmill evaluation between subjects on two time periods. There was no significant difference in duration (6.9 ± 1.9 min, 7.0 ± 1.9 min and 6.8 ± 1.8 min)and METs (7.1 ± 1.9, 7.3 ± 1.7 and 7.4 ± 2.1) achieved on treadmill evaluation among subjects who underwent EBCR 2 times per week, 3 times per week and 5 times per week respectively.
Conclusion
The adaptation protocol of EBCR during the COVID-19 period by reducing sessions per week did not influence the duration and METs achieved on treadmill evaluation at the end of CR as compared to usual EBCR practice.
This book introduces readers to process-based understandings of leadership, providing language and tools for engaging in the leadership process for all involved. This practical book was designed for ...college student leaders and educators or professionals who work with student leaders on college campuses. However, it is also accessible for high school students and graduate students to reflect on their identity, capacity, and efficacy as leaders. Based on their experiences as leadership educators, the authors offer grounding concepts of leadership and examples illustrating the complexity of culturally relevant leadership learning.Identity (who you are), capacity (your ability), and efficacy (what you do) are important for students to explore leadership development. These three concepts are core to this book, filling a gap in college student development literature by defining, illustrating, and questioning how they matter to leadership learning.Framing leadership as a journey, this resource offers key learning opportunities for students to engage with others through a range of contexts. Each chapter is organized with various features, engaging readers to get the most out of this book. Features include "call-in boxes" to prepare for learning and "pause for considerations" to apply to personal experiences. Chapters conclude with personal reflection questions, discussion questions, and activities to take leadership learning further. The features are designed to be accessible for utilization in classes, organizations, community work, groups, and individual reflection opportunities.
America's lab report Schweingruber, Heidi A; Hilton, Margaret L; Singer, Susan R
National Academies Press,
2006, 2005, 2005-00-00
eBook, Book
Open access
Laboratory experiences as a part of most U.S. high school science curricula have been taken for granted for decades, but they have rarely been carefully examined. What do they contribute to science ...learning? What can they contribute to science learning? What is the current status of labs in our nation s high schools as a context for learning science? This book looks at a range of questions about how laboratory experiences fit into U.S. high schools: (1) What is effective laboratory teaching?; (2) What does research tell us about learning in high school science labs?; (3) How should student learning in laboratory experiences be assessed?; (4) Do all student have access to laboratory experiences?; (5) What changes need to be made to improve laboratory experiences for high school students?; and (6) How can school organization contribute to effective laboratory teaching? With increased attention to the U.S. education system and student outcomes, no part of the high school curriculum should escape scrutiny. This timely book investigates factors that influence a high school laboratory experience, looking closely at what currently takes place and what the goals of those experiences are and should be. Science educators, school administrators, policy makers, and parents will all benefit from a better understanding of the need for laboratory experiences to be an integral part of the science curriculum and how that can be accomplished.
Increasingly attention has been focused to the degree to which social programs have effectively and efficiently delivered services. Using the differential program evaluation model by Tripodi, Fellin, ...and Epstein (1978) and by Bielawski and Epstein (1984), this paper described the application of this model to evaluating a multidisciplinary clinical consultation practice in child protection. This paper discussed the uses of the model by demonstrating them through the four stages of program initiation, contact, implementation, and stabilization. This organizational case study made a contribution to the model by introducing essential and interrelated elements of a “practical evaluation” methodology in evaluating social programs, such as a participatory evaluation approach; learning, empowerment and sustainability; and a flexible individualized approach to evaluation. The study results demonstrated that by applying the program development model, child-protective administrators and practitioners were able to evaluate the existing practices and recognize areas for program improvement.
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