Niandoubao is a famous fermented proso millet food in northeast China. To investigate the composition and drivers of Niandoubao sourdough microbiota, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) combined with ...culture-dependent method was used to analyze the bacterial and fungal diversity of 28 spontaneous waxy proso millet sourdoughs (WPMSDs). The 537 isolates were identified by plate culture. HTS identified 271 bacterial and 233 fungal species. The 5 genera of Lactobacillales and 6 genera of Saccharomycetales were the dominant fermentation population. Based on beta diversity, the 22 mature sourdoughs were clustered into 5 bacterial clusters or 9 fungal clusters, and each cluster of sourdoughs had unique biomarker. According to ANOSIM and PERMANOVA analyses, microbial interaction exhibited the key driver for community composition (R > 0.91); flour and water played a fundamental role in bacterial composition (R > 0.66); pH, TTA and fermentation time exhibited specific effects on a few species (R < 0.51). Considering the features of growth, antimicrobial and synergistic fermentation, Lactobacillus curvatus, Candida sake and Wickerhamyces anomalus exhibited the best potential as a WPMSD starter. Altogether, the results provide insights into the diversity and drivers of type I WPMSDs microbiota, and important reference for the starter selection and quality improvement of Niandoubao in the future.
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•Bacterial and fungal compositions of 28 spontaneous WMPSDs were identified.•5 genera of Lactobacillales and 6 genera of Saccharomycetales are the dominant population.•Microbial interactions are the key driver of community composition.•Lb. curvatus, C. sake and W. anomalus exhibit the best potential as WPMSDs starter.•It has important reference value for starter selection and quality improvement of Niandoubao.
Recent findings suggest that optimal application of nitrogen fertilizers can effectively improve the quality of proso millet (PM). Here, we aimed to investigate the pathways associated with starch ...synthesis and metabolism to elucidate the effect and molecular mechanisms of nitrogen fertilization in starch synthesis and properties in waxy and non-waxy PM varieties using transcriptomic techniques. Co-expression network analysis revealed that the regulation of starch synthesis and quality in PM by nitrogen fertilizer mainly occurred in the S2 and S3 stages during grain filling. Nitrogen fertilization inhibited glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and starch biosynthesis in grains, but increased starch degradation to maltose and dextrin and then to glucose. Moreover, nitrogen fertilization increased starch accumulation by upregulating the expression of SuS and malZ genes, thereby increasing the total starch content in grains. In contrast, nitrogen fertilization suppressed the expression of GBSS gene and decreased amylose content in PM grains, resulting in a relatively higher crystallinity, light transmittance, and breakdown viscosity in the two PM varieties. Overall, these results provided transcriptomics insights into the molecular mechanisms by which nitrogen fertilization regulates starch quality in PM, identified key genes that associated with the starch properties, and provided new insights into the quality cultivation of PM.
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Small millets are nutrient-rich food sources traditionally grown and consumed by subsistence farmers in Asia and Africa. They include finger millet (Eleusine coracana), foxtail millet (Setaria ...italica), kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), barnyard millet (Echinochloa spp.), and little millet (Panicum sumatrense). Local farmers value the small millets for their nutritional and health benefits, tolerance to extreme stress including drought, and ability to grow under low nutrient input conditions, ideal in an era of climate change and steadily depleting natural resources. Little scientific attention has been paid to these crops, hence they have been termed "orphan cereals." Despite this challenge, an advantageous quality of the small millets is that they continue to be grown in remote regions of the world which has preserved their biodiversity, providing breeders with unique alleles for crop improvement. The purpose of this review, first, is to highlight the diverse traits of each small millet species that are valued by farmers and consumers which hold potential for selection, improvement or mechanistic study. For each species, the germplasm, genetic and genomic resources available will then be described as potential tools to exploit this biodiversity. The review will conclude with noting current trends and gaps in the literature and make recommendations on how to better preserve and utilize diversity within these species to accelerate a New Green Revolution for subsistence farmers in Asia and Africa.
Background: Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) was considered a self-pollinated annual crop that belongs to the family Poaceae. It was well adapted to many soil and climatic conditions. The ...productivity was low due to the use of poor quality seed, little or no use of fertilizers, traditional methods of cultivation, delay in nursery sowing and late transplanting. The Integrated Nutrient Supply System (INSS) approach involves the combined use of chemical fertilizers, organic manures and micronutrient fertilizers, which ensures higher crop productions and also helps to restore and sustain soil fertility. Therefore, the study was focused to manage the timely transplanting together with the suitable nutrient combination.Methods: A field experiment was conducted to study the “Effect of seedlings age and different nutrient combinations on growth and yield of Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) in lateritic soils of Western Ghats” during Kharif, 2016. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with four main plots and five subplot treatments. The main plot treatments composed of four ages of seedlings viz. 20, 30, 40 and 50 days. and five subplot treatments of nutrient combinations viz., 100% RDF, 75% RDF + 25% N through FYM, 50% RDF + 50% N through FYM, 25% RDF + 75% N through FYM and 100% N through FYM. Thus, there were twenty treatment combinations, replicated thrice.Result: Results revealed that the proso millet crop transplanted with 30 days old seedlings recorded significantly higher grain yield and straw yield over all other treatments. In nutrient combinations treatments, 100% RDF through chemical fertilizer recorded significantly higher mean plant height hill-1, number of functional leaves hill-1, number of functional tillers hill-1 and plant dry matter accumulation hill-1 than the other treatments and also produced significantly highest yields and yield attributing characters compared to the rest of the nutrient combinations.
The extraction, isolation, purification, and structural characterization of proso millet bran polysaccharides (MBP), as well as its antibacterial activity were conducted to provide a reference for ...the development and utilization of nutrients in the processing byproducts of millet. An alkali extraction and alcohol precipitation method was used to extract the polysaccharides. Subsequent purification was achieved through column chromatography utilizing DEAE-50 and Sephadex G-100. Structural analysis of the millet bran polysaccharides was performed using a combination of techniques, including HPLC chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the molecular weight of MBP was determined to be 3.479×104 Da. The monosaccharide composition was exhibited a molar ratio of mannose:rhamnose:glucose:galactose:arabinose:xylose=0.11:0.13:5.86:0.62:1.00:0.52. Moreover, MBP was identified as a β-type pyranose polysaccharide and exhib
This study aimed to valorise the underutilised by-product of proso millet decortication. Millet bran was sieved into three fractions with substantially different nutritional profile. The fraction ...with diameter <500 μm had the highest nutrient density (14% protein, 26% starch, 36% dietary fibre, 9% fat, and 3 mg GAE/g phenolics (d.w.)) and was analysed for oxidative stability, micronisation effect under cryogenic or ambient conditions (2, 4, 8, 12 min), and baking applicability. The bran was oxidatively stable under refrigerator conditions for 150 days. Micronisation slightly increased the antioxidant activity measured by FRAP and ABTS assays as well as the content of fibre soluble in water and 78% ethanol as the bran particle size decreased from 171 μm to 26–46 μm. Gluten-free bread containing 10% of the nutrient-dense fraction of millet bran had higher dietary fibre (76%) and phenolics content (117%), improved volume and crumb softness, regardless of the bran particle size (diameter of 50th percentile 171 vs. 26 μm).
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•Nutrient-dense fraction can be separated from by-product of proso millet decortication.•The fraction <500 μm is a source of proteins, high in dietary fibre and phenolics.•Nutrient-dense fraction is stable in refrigerator for 150 days.•Micronisation has the potential to increase antioxidant activity and soluble fibre of proso bran.•Proso bran can be used for enrichment of gluten-free bread with fibre and phenolics.
Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is resilient to abiotic stress, especially to land degradation caused by soil salinization. However, the mechanisms by which its roots adapt and tolerate salt ...stress are obscure. In this study, plants of a salt-sensitive cultivar (SS 212) and a salt-tolerant cultivar (ST 47) of proso millet were exposed to severe salt stress and subsequent re-watering. ST 47 exhibited greater salt tolerance than SS 212, as evidenced by higher increases in total root length (TRL), root surface area (RSA), root tip number (RTN). Moreover, microstructural analysis showed that relative to SS 212, the roots of ST 47 could maintain more intact internal structures and thicker cell walls under salt stress. Digital RNA sequence analysis revealed that ST 47 maintained better Na+/K+ balance to resist Na+ toxicity via a higher capability to restrict Na+ uptake, vacuolar Na+ sequestration, and Na+ exclusion. The mechanism for Na+ toxicity resistance in ST 47 involved promoting cell wall composition changes via efficient regulation of galactose metabolism and biosynthesis of cellulose and phenylpropanoids. Overall, this study provides valuable salt-tolerant cultivar resources and mechanisms for regulating salt tolerance, which could be applied for the rehabilitation of saline lands.
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•Salt-tolerant proso millet cultivar exhibits faster recovery after re-watering then the susceptible cultivar.•Salt-tolerant cultivar maintains complete root structure and regulates Na+, K+ balance to enhance salt tolerance.•Salt-tolerant cultivar modulates cell wall components by affecting its biosynthesis pathway to resist salt stress.
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•Intercropping combined with N fertilization enhanced the leaf photosynthetic efficiency of proso millet.•The capture and use efficiency of various resources were increased by ...intercropping combined with N fertilization.•Intercropping combined with moderate N input increased proso millet productivity while reducing chemical fertilizer use.
Field experiment was performed on the Loess Plateau of China in 2018 and 2019 to investigate the effects of intercropping with nitrogen (N) management on proso millet growth and resource utilization. A split-plot experimental design for the planting pattern (sole proso millet (SP) and proso millet/mung bean intercropping (PM)) and N fertilizer application rate (N0, 0 kg N ha−1; N60, 60 kg N ha−1; N120, 120 kg N ha−1; and N180, 180 kg N ha−1 for proso millet) was used. Results showed that intercropping combined with N fertilization enhanced the leaf photosynthetic efficiency of proso millet by facilitating stomatal opening, and such improvements were conducive to increasing the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry and the photochemical quenching coefficient. Specifically, intercropping combined with the N120 treatment was an efficient farming practice that increased radiation use efficiency by 18.1 % and 17.9 %, water use efficiency by 60.2 % and 61.8 %, and N uptake by 96.0 % and 71.6 % in 2018 and 2019, respectively, compared with those parameters in the N0 treatment in the sole planting system. Similar improvements were observed for grain yield, which reached maximum values at N120 (6331.8 kg ha−1 and 6531.3 kg ha−1 in 2018 and 2019, respectively) in the PM treatment. These responses resulted in an increased harvest index and land equivalent ratio. Consequently, intercropping combined with moderate N inputs reduces the chemical fertilizer application rate and increases crop productivity and is considered to be a reasonable strategy for field management.
Domesticated in 8000–10,000 BP in northern China, proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is the best adaptive rotational crop for semiarid central High Plains of the USA, where average annual ...precipitation is 356–407 mm. Proso millet has multiple benefits when consumed as human food. Proso millet is rich in minerals, dietary fiber, polyphenols, vitamins and proteins. It is gluten-free and therefore, ideal for the gluten intolerant people. Proso millet contains high lecithin which supports the neural health system. It is rich in vitamins (niacin, B-complex vitamins, folic acid), minerals (P, Ca, Zn, Fe) and essential amino acids (methionine and cysteine). It has a low glycemic index and reduces the risk of type-2 diabetes. Unfortunately, in the USA, it is mostly considered as bird feed, whereas it is mainly used as human food in many other countries. Besides human health benefits, proso millet has an impeccable environmental benefit. Proso millet possesses many unique characteristics (e.g., drought tolerance, short-growing season) which makes it a promising rotational crop for winter wheat-based dryland farming systems. Proso millet provides the most economical production system when used in a two years wheat/summer fallow cropping system in semiarid High Plains of the USA. It helps in controlling winter annual grass weeds, managing disease and insect pressure and preserving deep soil moisture for wheat. Proso millet can also be used as a rotational crop with corn or sorghum owing to its tolerance for atrazine, the primary herbicide used in corn and sorghum production systems. Proso millet certainly is a climate-smart, gluten-free, ancient, and small grain cereal, which is healthy to humans and the environment. The main challenge is to expand the proso millet market beyond bird feed into the human food industry. To overcome the challenge, unique proso millet varieties for human food and ready-to-use multiple food products must be developed. This requires successful collaboration among experts from diverse disciplines such as breeders, geneticists, food chemists and food industry partners.
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