Understanding the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the quality of proso millet is key to expanding the use of this crop to address water scarcity and food security. Therefore, this study ...determined the impact of nitrogen fertilization on the proso millet quality. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased the NR and GS activities and decreased the GBSSase activity, resulting in an increase in protein content and reduction in amylose content and L*, which decreased the appearance quality. Nitrogen fertilization increased the proportion of short amylopectin chains, resulting in a more disordered carbohydrate structure, and decreased the proportion of hydrophilic functional groups, contributing to an increase in setback viscosity and decrease in pasting temperature in the waxy (w139) variety. In contrast, the non-waxy (n297) variety exhibited a larger proportion of long amylopectin chains, lower ordered structure and hydrophobic functional groups after nitrogen fertilization, which strengthened the inter- and intramolecular forces of starch colloids.
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•The synthesis of starch and protein was affected by the nitrogen fertilizer.•Nitrogen fertilizer tended to synthesize more short amylopectin of waxy variety.•Nitrogen fertilizer improved nutritional quality and deteriorated appearance quality.•Crystalline structure and functional groups affect proso millet quality.•Waxy and non-waxy proso millet was different in starch synthesis and properties of flour.
为明确不同施氮量下糜子生长规律、产量表现以及氮素利用效率,分析糜子形态特征与产量和氮素利用的关系,同时确定宁夏引黄灌区麦后复种糜子的适宜施氮量,本研究于2019年和2020年以宁糜9号为材料,2019年设0(N0)、90(N1)、120(N2)和150 kg hm–2(N3)纯氮水平,2020年增设180(N4)和210 kg ...hm–2(N5)纯氮水平,以不施氮肥(N0)为对照在宁夏引黄灌区进行大田试验.结果表明,施氮显著促进糜子各生育时期株高、茎粗、叶面积、根系的生长和干物质的积累,但当施氮量超过150 kg hm–2时,除茎粗和叶面积外,其余各生长指标出现下降趋势;根冠比随施氮量的增加呈先降低后升高再略微下降趋势,多数生育时期在N2处理根冠比达最小值,拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期分别为0.119、0.087、0.054和0.052.施氮显著促进糜子产量、千粒重和穗粒数增加,并且随施氮量的增加呈先增加后略微下降趋势,N2、N3处理促进效果最佳;N2、N3处理糜子产量分别为2979.41 kg hm–2、3084.67 kg hm–2,较N0处理分别增产76.22％、83.21％.糜子的氮素收获指数、氮肥表观回收率、农学利用率和偏生产力在N2处理表现较好,分别为60.23％、61.81％、10.77 kg kg–1、24.83 kg kg–1.进一步分析发现,糜子产量与各生长指标显著正相关,各生长指标之间显著正相关,根系形态特征与氮素积累量显著正相关,表明施氮可以通过改善糜子根系形态特征来促进氮素吸收,进一步促进冠层的生长,从而有利于产量的形成.因此,适量施氮明显改善糜子生长状况、提高产量,并且有效平衡产量和氮素利用效率.综合来看,宁夏引黄灌区麦后复种糜子的合理施氮量为120～150 kg hm–2.
Heat-moisture treatment (HMT) and annealing (ANN) were applied to modify the proso millet starch, and then the physicochemical properties as well as the in vitro digestion of the modified starch were ...investigated systematically. Results indicated that HMT and ANN did not change the typical A-type crystallinity. However, both processes cause cracks and dents on the surface of the granule. The gelatinization temperature increased while peak viscosity value, relative crystallinity and gelatinization enthalpy of proso millet starch decreased significantly after HTM and ANN. Meanwhile, a remarkable increase of the slowly digestible starch(SDS) and resistant starch(RS) content was noticed after HTM and ANN modification (the highest content of SDS and RS after HTM and ANN were 9.52 ± 0.82 %, 12.03 ± 1.36 % and 12.15 ± 0.89 %, 8.75 ± 1.63 %, respectively). Those results indicated that the ANN and HMT processes could modify the physicochemical properties and in vitro digestion of proso millet starch efficiently and showed potential application to produce healthy starch food with lower digestion.
•Annealing and heat-moisture treatment didn't change the crystallinity type of proso millet starch.•A higher value of To and lower ∆H were observed after annealing and heat-moisture treatment.•No new chemical bonds were generated in proso millet starch during annealing and heat-moisture treatment.•Annealing and heat-moisture treatment decreased the digestion of proso millet starch.
•Proso millet has a water-limited yield response slope of 32.57kg/ha per mm of water use.•Production function slope increases with water use, soil water at planting, and precipitation from 12-18 ...August.•Production function slope decreases with windy conditions and days in July and August with temperatures exceeding 36C.•Closing the yield gap for proso millet will require breeding for enhanced shattering resistance and heat tolerance.•Use of production methods that increase available soil water at millet planting will also close the yield gap.
Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is a short-season, drought-tolerant C4 species capable of making use of limited available water supplies and is suitable for dryland crop rotations in the Central Great Plains. Previously published water use/yield production functions for proso millet have slopes lower than reported for other C4 species in this region. The objectives of this experiment were to determine the water-limited yield relationship for proso millet and to identify environmental factors that cause yields to be lower than predicted by the water-limited yield relationship. Water use and yield data were obtained from a long-term crop rotation experiment conducted under dryland conditions in northeast Colorado from 1995 to 2016. Stepwise linear regression analysis was used to determine important environmental factors influencing yield. The water-limited yield relationship had a slope consistent with other C4 species in this region (32.57kgha−1 per mm of water use). A relationship based on growing season water use, plant available soil water at planting, precipitation received from 12 to 18 August, number days in July and August with maximum temperature greater than 36°C, daily average wind run and maximum wind gust during the week before swathing explained 88% of yield variability. The results of this analysis suggest that closing the yield gap for proso millet production could likely result from efforts to breed for enhanced shattering resistance and heat tolerance and from production methods that improve precipitation storage efficiency during the non-crop period prior to millet planting and increase available soil water at millet planting.
Severe environmental conditions inhibit plant growth, which is rapidly restored when conditions improve. However, the mechanisms underlying re-watering to relieve Na+ toxicity and promote growth in ...proso millet are unclear. Herein, comparative phenotypic, physiological, phytohormone and multi-omics analyses between salt-sensitive (SSR) and salt-tolerant (STIM) proso millet cultivars were performed under salt stress and subsequent re-watering. Phenotypic and physiological analyses suggested that the accumulation of biomass and growth rate of STIM were not only higher after stress recovery than SSR but also higher than its control condition (STIM_CK), showing a compensation effect. A microstructural analysis indicated that STIM maintained a better surface structure, internal structure, and chloroplasts after stress recovery compared with its reactions under salt stress. A phytohormone analysis showed that the jasmonic acid (JA) and jasmyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile) contents specifically and significantly increased in STIM under salt stress and recovered with re-watering. Transcriptome analysis suggested that 3160 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (1671 DEGs were downregulated, and 1589 DEGs were upregulated) and 1319 DEGs (565 DEGs were downregulated, and 751 DEGs were upregulated) were specifically identified in STIM under salt stress and re-watering, respectively, whereas 6184 DEGs (2666 DEGs were downregulated, and 3518 DEGs were upregulated) and 2721 DEGs (1175 DEGs were downregulated, and 1546 DEGs were upregulated) were detected in SSR. Proteomes analyses showed that up to 38.28% and 44.68% of proteins were individually expressed specifically at the protein level in SSR under salt stress and subsequent re-watering, respectively, and 43.56% and 39.31% in STIM, respectively, indicating the involvement of posttranscriptional regulation under salt stress and subsequent re-watering. Subsequently, the functions of commonly regulated DEGs and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were analyzed, which were significantly enriched in photosynthesis and porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism pathways. Therefore, this study provides guidelines for phytoremediation and utilization of saline soils, and cleaner crop production.
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•Re-watering relieves salt-induced leaf chlorosis and growth inhibition.•Re-watering relieves salt damage by regulating plant hormones.•Re-watering triggers transcriptome and proteome reprogramming.•Re-watering relieves Na+ toxicity by inhibiting chlorophyll degradation and promoting photosynthesis.•Re-watering relieves Na+ toxicity by regulating endoplasmic reticula homeostasis.
A high yielding and early maturing prosomillet culture TNPm 230 was developed at the Centre of excellence, Athiyandal, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University and released TNPm 230 as ATL1at national ...level. It is a derivative of the cross involving TNAU 164 x IPM 19. It yields on average grain yield of 2152 kg/ha and straw yield of 5970 kg/haunder rainfed condition. This variety has registered 12 and 15 per cent increased grain yield over the checks TNAU145 and GPUP 21 respectively in All India Coordinated trials. Proposed variety has given Eight and 11 per cent increased grain yield over the qualifying varieties TNPm 228 and DHPrMV 2721 respectively. TNPm 230has semi-compact panicle, bold seeds and exhibited better grain quality than the checks; on par for a response to agronomic practices, susceptible to banded blight in AP only. Therefore, the entry TNPm 230 as ATL1 is recommended for the national level release except in Andhra Pradesh.
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań prowadzonych w Gospodarstwie Doświadczalnym Czesławice (środkowa Lubelszczyzna, Polska) w latach 2014–2016, dotyczące wpływu wybranych herbicydów nalistnych ...(2,4-D + fluroksypyr; tribenuron-methyl + fluroksypyr; MCPA, dikamba + triasulfuron) na zachwaszczenie, plonowanie i efektywność ekonomiczną uprawy prosa zwyczajnego. Obecnie nie ma zarejestrowanych herbicydów do aplikacji w łanie prosa (w wykazach figurują jedynie herbicydy stosowane przed siewem i przed wschodami prosa). W badaniach uwzględniono herbicydy zalecane do stosowania nalistnego w zasiewach owsa, w dawkach 100% oraz w dawkach pomniejszonych o połowę względem dawek zalecanych. Obiekt kontrolny stanowiły poletka bez aplikacji herbicydów (mechaniczne zwalczanie chwastów). Eksperyment zlokalizowano na glebie płowej wytworzonej z lessu, cechującej się dobrą zasobnością w przyswajalne składniki pokarmowe (II klasa bonitacyjna). Zastosowano klasyczny (płużny) sposób uprawy roli. Przedplonem dla prosa był jęczmień jary. Nawożenie mineralne NPK dostosowano do zasobności gleby. Dowiedziono, że zastosowane herbicydy nalistne (w fazie krzewienia prosa) miały dużą skuteczność chwastobójczą. W efekcie niski stopień zachwaszczenia wpływał na wysoką produkcyjność prosa w porównaniu z uzyskaną w warunkach pielęgnacji mechanicznej (bez herbicydów). Szczególnie pozytywnie oceniono działanie herbicydów 2,4-D + fluroksypyr oraz tribenuron-metyl + fluroksypyr aplikowanych w dawkach 100%. Zastosowanie tych preparatów przyczyniło się do niemal całkowitej eliminacji chwastów. Z kolei herbicyd dikamba + triasulfuron posiadał nieco mniejszą zdolność chwastobójczą. Wykazano zasadność stosowania herbicydów nalistnych w odchwaszczaniu prosa. Ich aplikacja wpływała korzystnie na efekt ekonomiczny uprawy tej rośliny. Największą nadwyżkę bezpośrednią uzyskano stosując pełną dawkę herbicydów Gold 400 EC (2,4-D; fluroksypyr) i Granstar Strong (tribenuron metylowy; fluroksypyr). Pomimo poniesionych większych nakładów na uprawę prosa, koszty preparatów chwastobójczych rekompensowała wysoka wartość uzyskanego plonu.
•Parboiling increased the decortication yield of pearl and proso millets.•Expected glycemic index reduced in the products from parboiled grains.•Phenolic acid and its antioxidant activity increased ...in products from parboiled millets.•Parboiling lowered the in vitro protein digestibility in the millet products.
Parboiling is a common method used in rice processing to improve milling yield and physicochemical properties. The current study evaluates parboiling as a pre-treatment step in millet decortication and its impact on phenolic profile and in vitro digestibility of two traditional millet products, steam-cooked couscous and porridge, made from pearl (Pennisetum glaucum) and proso (Panicum miliaceum) millets. Parboiling increased decorticated yield of pearl and proso millet by 37% and 28% respectively. It resulted in significant (P < 0.05) rise in free and bound phenolic contents and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity of the millet products. This method significantly (P < 0.05) changed starch digestion fractions of both products thereby reducing expected glycemic index (eGI) while the in vitro protein digestibility of products decreased by 14–17%. Parboiling could be an effective way to improve millet decortication yield as well as produce millet products with higher phenolic acids antioxidant activity and lower GI.
The solubility and swelling power, pasting, structure, and digestibility properties of proso millet starch (PMS) with different concentration of proanthocyanidins (PA) were investigated. The results ...showed that with PA content increasing, the solubility and swelling power of starch increased, the PA accelerated the water absorption and expansion of starch. The results of pasting properties showed that PA increased the peak viscosity of starch, but decreased the setback and pasting temperature. A significant decrease in enthalpy value was measured by differential scanning calorimetry, the enthalpy value decreased from 14.98 J/g to 10.24 J/g at 20% PA concentration. The relative crystallinity of starch, as well as the ratio at 1049/1022 cm−1, decreased due to the increasing PA concentration, indicating the ordered degree of starch reduced, while the hydrogen bonding in the system was enhanced by PA. The addition of PA decreased the RDS content of uncooked and cooked starch, the RS content increased. When the PA concentration was 20%, the RS content was 1.05 and 1.92 times for native starch, respectively, which significantly reduced the starch digestibility.
•α-amylase treated granular and gelatinized proso millet starch was chemically modified.•The modified granular starch exhibited improved water absorption and solubility.•α-amylase treated and ...chemically modified starches revealed reduced peak viscosity.•The modified starches showed decreased gel consistency.
The effect of hydroxypropylation and cross-linking on the pasting and rheological properties of α- amylase treated proso millet starch in granular as well as gelatinized state was investigated. The chemical modification of enzyme pre-treated starch showed significant changes (p < 0.05) in the swelling and solubility behavior. Amylose content and water binding capacity of the starches ranged from 16.72 to 21.26% and 1.23–1.53 g/g, respectively. The pasting profile of the modified starch gel (at 6% concentration) revealed a significant decline (p< 0.05) in peak viscosity. The Herschel-Bulkley model used to characterize the steady shear properties revealed that the flow behavior was non-Newtonian pseudoplastic. The flow behavior index (n) and consistency index (K) for starch pastes at 4% concentration ranged from 0.69 to 0.91 and 0.26 to 0.77 Pa.sn, respectively, whereas at 6% concentration, the values ranged from 0.45 to 0.71, and 0.46 to 11.35 Pa.sn, respectively. Dynamic rheological characteristics demonstrated that starch pastes exhibited dominant elastic behavior. The presence of hydroxypropyl groups was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy, with the noticeable band stretching at OH, CH, and CO. This modification approach can be exploited to prepare proso millet starch with tailored functional characteristics for desirable food applications.
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