Razvija se vse več bioloških zdravil, med katerimi prevladujejo zdravila z monoklonskimi protitelesi (angl. monoclonal antibodies, mAb), ki omogočajo specifično in učinkovito zdravljenje z manj ...neželenimi učinki. Zaradi kompleksne in občutljive proteinske zgradbe mAb je treba takšna zdravila vnašati parenteralno. Intravensko apliciranje, ki prevladuje, je lahko boleče, dolgotrajno in zahteva celo hospitalizacijo. Zato je vse več zdravil z mAb v razvoju namenjenih subkutani aplikaciji, ki je hitrejša, omogoča nižje stroške zdravljenja in boljše sodelovanje bolnikov. Subkutano pa lahko vbrizgamo le majhen volumen raztopine, zato so pogosto potrebne visoke koncentracije mAb, ki lahko povečajo viskoznost raztopin in povzročijo fizikalno nestabilnost molekul mAb v njih. Zdravila z mAb zato vsebujejo pufre, stabilizatorje in pomožne snovi za znižanje viskoznosti, ki prispevajo tudi k fizikalni stabilnosti mAb. Poleg teh sestavin članek predstavi tudi pomožne snovi, ki omogočajo vbrizgati večji volumen zdravila v podkožje in kombinacije terapevtskih mAb. Opisani so tudi inovativni sistemi za subkutano apliciranje mAb, kot so kompleksi, nanoklastri, suspenzije, mikrodelci in hidrogeli, ki so še v fazi razvijanja.
Treatment of the sludge from water-purification plants is becoming more and more urgent due to the inability to increase its storage area. To avoid CO2 emissions, the use of non-Portland cement ...binders is recommended. The application of geopolymerization of waste sludge (WS) from water-purification plants is a novel solution. Curing conditions including high temperature, pressure or microwaves enhance the formation of geopolymer bonds. This paper presents the results of a research on the treatment of the WS of the Thu Duc water-purification plant (Vietnam) with the geopolymerization method. Solid phases were prepared by mixing the WS and fly ash (FA). The FA proportions of the solid phases were (10, 40, 70) w/%. The alkali-activated solution (AAS) was a mixture of a 40 w/% NaOH 6M solution and 60 w/% water glass (WG: Na2O.nSiO2 with n = 1.75 and volumetric density r = 1.40 kg/L). The geopolymer materials were mixtures containing an 80 w/% solid phase and a 20 w/% liquid phase of the AAS. Geopolymer samples were formed in a cylindrical steel mold with a diameter of 10 mm at a high pressure. The samples were cured in a 112 W microwave oven for 30 s or in a dryer at 110 °C for 24 h. The compressive strength and volumetric density of both sample groups were determined and compared to each other. The formation of geopolymer bonds was investigated using XRD, FTIR and SEM.
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