In the frameworks of positive politics, the concrete construction of peace is a difficult task to postpone both in the world and in countries such as Mexico. The urgency forces us to think from the ...theoretical frameworks of some philosophers that give us elements to -from and, with them-build reflections based on reason and emotions. From these reflective findings, it will be possible to modify reality from rational and emotional guidelines. In this text, we start by articulating two proposals, Rawls’ theory of justice and the philosophy of care initiated by Carol Gilligan and continued by a vital stream of theorists on care. With both theories in conjunction, it seems possible to construct some approaches to thinking about peace both from a normative perspective and from its application.
Green finance is an essential way to cope with environmental pollution, promote the transformation of industrial structure and upgrade, and finally construct a resource-conserving and ...environment-friendly society and achieve the goal of sustainable development. This study explores the influence of green finance on industrial reasonability and is based on sample data of 30 provinces in China from 2009 to 2019. Through the application of the spatial panel Durbin model with the weight matrix based on the geographical distance, the influence of green finance on the industrial structure as well as its spatial spillover effects are analyzed. The degree of industrial reasonability and the index of green finance development are also examined by applying the Theil index and the entropy method. The empirical results demonstrate two things. First, there is a strong aggregation of the spatial distribution of industrial reasonability, and the spatial pattern remains relatively constant over the 11 years. The main aggregated types are the H–H and L-L between the regions. Second, green finance can promote the industrial reasonability of this region, while it has a significant negative spatial spillover effect on the process of industrial reasonability in adjacent regions.
En este trabajo me propongo analizar la sentencia dictada por la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación Argentina en el caso García de mayo de 2019. La cuestión resuelta y las posturas asumidas por ...los votos que la componen la vuelven conceptualmente rica. La mayoría del tribunal declaró la inconstitucionalidad de la legislación impositiva impugnada a través de la cuestionable aplicación al caso del principio de igualdad, que —como argumentaré— falla en la demostración de su razonabilidad y en su anclaje con las circunstancias del caso bajo estudio. El voto disidente adoptó una postura deferente al legislador que parece la más aceptable pero apoyándose en razones que, generalizadas, podrían resultar problemáticas para el control de constitucionalidad y, en todo caso, requerirían de un ejercicio más acabado de argumentación. A continuación presentaré una sistematización y un análisis crítico de los argumentos presentados en ambos votos.
Abstract
Often lurking below the surface of many clinical ethical issues are questions regarding background metaphysical, epistemological, meta-ethical, and political beliefs. In this issue, authors ...critically examine the effects of background beliefs on conscientious objection, explore ethical issues through the lenses of particular theoretical approaches like pragmatism and intersectional theory, rigorously explore the basic concepts at play within the patient safety movement, offer new theoretical approaches to old problems involving decision making for patients with dementia, explicate and explore the problems and promises of machine learning in medicine, and offer us a non-rights-based argument for the just distribution of healthcare resources.
While Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are deriving the major innovations through their powerful automation, we are also witnessing the peril behind automation as a form of bias, such as automated racism, ...gender bias, and adversarial bias. As the societal impact of DNNs grows, finding an effective way to steer DNNs to align their behavior with the human mental model has become indispensable in realizing fair and accountable models. While establishing the way to adjust DNNs to "think like humans'' is in pressing need, there have been few approaches aiming to capture how "humans would think'' when DNNs introduce biased reasoning in seeing a new instance. We propose Interactive Attention Alignment (IAA), a framework that uses the methods for visualizing model attention, such as saliency maps, as an interactive medium that humans can leverage to unveil the cases of DNN's biased reasoning and directly adjust the attention. To realize more effective human-steerable DNNs than state-of-the-art, IAA introduces two novel devices. First, IAA uses Reasonability Matrix to systematically identify and adjust the cases of biased attention. Second, IAA applies GRADIA, a computational pipeline designed for effectively applying the adjusted attention to jointly maximize attention quality and prediction accuracy. We evaluated Reasonability Matrix in Study 1 and GRADIA in Study 2 in the gender classification problem. In Study 1, we found applying Reasonability Matrix in bias detection can significantly improve the perceived quality of model attention from human eyes than not applying Reasonability Matrix. In Study 2, we found using GRADIA significantly improves (1) the human-assessed perceived quality of model attention and (2) model performance in scenarios where the training samples are limited. Based on our observation in the two studies, we present implications for future design in the problem space of social computing and interactive data annotation toward achieving a human-centered steerable AI.
Em âmbito nacional, a utilização dos princípios e regras correlacionadas à proporcionalidade e à razoabilidade vem levantando uma série de controvérsias e embates jurídicos. É observada na ...jurisprudência brasileira uma ampla banalização dos mesmos, que são recorridos de modo demasiado e na maior parte dos casos sendo aplicados como sinônimos, o que não é permitido pela estrutura, metodologia e origem tanto da proporcionalidade quanto da razoabilidade. O presente estudo busca aprofundar as consequências de tal banalização no âmbito da aplicação de tais princípios no contexto jurídico atual, sobretudo no âmbito do controle difuso de constitucionalidade e no respeito ao princípio da separação de poderes, elementos que assim como os princípios da proporcionalidade e razoabilidade, sustentam e orientam o funcionamento do Estado Democrático de Direito a partir do pleno respeito e observância às normas e princípios constitucionais. O estudo em questão parte de premissas envolvendo os princípios jurídicos em caráter geral, bem como os princípios de estudo específico e o controle difuso de constitucionalidade e a separação de poderes, passando de questões gerais para a questão específica, aprofundando como a banalização de tais princípios promove impactos na desobediência ao princípio constitucional da separação de poderes e consequentemente no controle difuso de constitucionalidade.
At national level, the use of principles and rules correlated with proportionality and reasonableness has been raising a series of controversies and legal conflicts. It is observed in the Brazilian ...jurisprudence a wide banalization of the same ones, that are traveled of way too and in the majority of the cases being applied like synonyms, which is not allowed by the structure, methodology and origin of both proportionality and reasonableness. The present study seeks to deepen the consequences of such banalization in the scope of application of such principles in the current legal context, especially in the scope of diffuse control of constitutionality and respect for the principle of separation of powers, elements that as well as the principles of proportionality and reasonableness , sustain and guide the functioning of the Democratic Rule of Law, based on full respect for and observance of constitutional norms and principles. The study in question starts from premises involving general legal principles, as well as the principles of specific study and the diffuse control of constitutionality and the separation of powers, going from general questions to the specific question, deepening as the trivialization of such principles promotes impacts in disobedience to the constitutional principle of the separation of powers and consequently in the diffuse control of constitutionality.
Abstract
Robert Card’s “Reasonability View” is a significant contribution to the debate over the place of conscientious objection in health care. In his view, conscientious objections can only be ...accommodated if the grounds for the objection meet a reasonability standard. I identify inconsistencies in Card’s description of the reasonability standard and argue that each version he specifies is unsatisfactory. The criteria for reasonability that Card sets out most frequently have no clear underpinning principle and are too permissive of immoral objections. Card has also claimed that petitioners must justify their positions with Rawlsian public reason. I argue that, although the resulting reasonability standard is principled, it is overly restrictive. I also show that a reasonability standard built on Rawls’ more lenient conception of reasonableness would be overly permissive of objections at odds with professional healthcare standards. Finally, I argue for my favored solution, which bases the reasonability standard on minimal professional standards.
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