One of the main stages in the design of reinforced concrete structures is to determine the crosssectional area of the reinforcement according to the requirements of strength, stiffness and crack ...resistance, the search for the number of rods based on the nomenclature of reinforcement, its placement in the cross section with the fulfillment of the conditions of durability, and fire resistance. The paper summarizes the experience of developing algorithms for solving the problem of selecting the optimal reinforcement of reinforced concrete elements and proposes an algorithm for optimizing reinforcement using nonlinear models of reinforced concrete elements. The proposed algorithm is implemented as a module of the software package for engineering construction calculations Beta 5.0. The article shows the results of verification of the proposed algorithms based on the results of trial operation of the module for selecting the optimal reinforcement within the activities of the Testing and Research Center of the Polotsk State University.
At a time when interest in improving the resilience of the distribution system is increasing, this paper proposes an optimal method for reinforcing the distribution system with regards to resilience. ...In this study, resilience is derived from the empirical distribution function, which is used as a constraint in the distribution facility reinforcement plan. The resilience calculation process utilizes Monte Carlo simulation and considers various uncertainties such as the number of facility failures, location, and recovery time for post-contingency. The case study identifies the minimum investment cost and optimal location for the facility reinforcement considering resilience for the modified 13 node test feeder. The results of this study demonstrate that the proposed method is more effective than the existing facility reinforcement plans based on several fault scenarios, because the calculated results for multiple unpredictable resilience indices are used as constraints for the reinforcement plan.
In this study, a novel network reinforcement model incorporating optimal wind farms (WFs) integration to power systems is proposed. Based on the reinforcement model, new transmission lines are added ...to the network for eliminating the transmission network congestion. In addition, a methodology for determining the WFs optimal capacities, the economical WF lines transfer rates and the appropriate reinforcement plan, whereas maximising the total benefit using cost-reliability analysis is presented. In this way, the objective of the proposed optimisation problem has been divided into a master problem and two subproblems. Benders decomposition is employed to connect the master and subproblems of the model. In order to assess the validity of the proposed method, it is applied to the IEEE 24-bus test system under three different scenarios.
In light of the changes in the environment surrounding broadcasting in recent years, Amendments to the Broadcasting Act and the Radio Act, which was approved by the 211th ordinary session of the ...Diet, offers domestic basic broadcasters the following measures to ensure that they will continue to play their social roles in broadcasting in the future while improving the efficiency of their business operations: (i) they can operate the simultaneous broadcasting of programs in multiple target regions for broadcasts; (ii) they can use relay station facilities jointly; and (iii) they can operate broadcasting management system more ensurely.With regard to (i), the Government will revise the approval system for the Business Infrastructure Reinforcement Plan and establish a system under which domestic basic broadcasters in different target regions for broadcasts can simultaneously broadcast the same program in regions, including those designated by the Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications as regions where a decline in demand for domestic basic broadcasting services is recognized, regardless of their individual business conditions, under certain conditions, such as by taking measures to ensure regionality.With regard to (ii), in order to make it possible for multiple specified terrestrial basic broadcasters to increase the efficiency of their business operations by jointly using relay station facilities, the Act will allow specified terrestrial basic broadcasters to conduct terrestrial basic broadcasting operations using relay stations of other parties (suppliers of basic broadcasting stations) after confirmation by the Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications.In addition, in areas designated by the Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications as areas where there is a particularly high need to improve the efficiency of the terrestrial basic broadcasting operations of the Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK), only the subsidiary of NHK will be able to own and manage relay stations and use them for the terrestrial basic broadcasting operations of the NHK. The transfer of NHK's broadcasting equipment to the subsidiary will be an exception to the Broadcasting Act’s restriction on the transfer of broadcasting equipment of NHK.With regard to (iii),the basic broadcasters and basic broadcasting station suppliers will be obliged to maintain the broadcasting management system for operating the facilities ,including that operated by outsourcees, in compliance with the standards specified by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. And by adding matters pertaining to the outsourcing of the operation of facilities to the matters stated in the application for approval of basic broadcasting operations and license of basic broadcasting stations, the Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications will be able to grasp the actual status of the outsourcing.
This article according to the ShengLi Open-pit Coal Mine landslide and the slope project special details, used the FLAC numerical calculus analysis software to conduct the research to the landslide ...cataclysm mechanism, has carried on the optimized analysis to the reinforcement plan.Has obtained the pre-stressed anchor rope frame beam + high pressure splitting grouting reinforcement plan government landslide most superior processing plan through the numerical calculus, thus active control ShengLi Open-pit Coal Mine slope distortion destruction.
•To present a resilient four-level framework for the centralized cost-effective multistage DNRP considering decentralized double-layer multistage MGRP.•To model different peak ground accelerations of ...moderate-to-strong earthquakes based on critical seismic parameters.•To provide a non-convex mixed-integer nonlinear formulation for jointly allocating substations, feeders, renewable DERs and ESSs.•To assess seismic vulnerability of substations, feeders and DERs according to their respective fragility curves.
In this paper, a new resilient framework is presented for distribution network reinforcement planning (DNRP) with the consideration of renewable-based multi-microgrids (RMGs) to mitigate seismic risks. For this aim, the proposed framework is formulated as a non-convex mixed-integer nonlinear four-level optimization problem. The first level outlines a short-term corrective measures problem to remedy seismic risks using feeder reconfiguration and distributed energy resources rescheduling. The second level represents an earthquake-related catastrophic failures problem in which peak ground acceleration and distribution component vulnerability are modeled through attenuation functions and fragility curves, respectively. The third and fourth levels, however, describe coordination of a decentralized double-layer multistage microgrid reinforcement planning (MGRP) problem and a centralized cost-effective multistage DNRP problem to characterize seismic-resilient optimal reinforcement plans. Due to its desirable handling of multi-level optimization problems having a non-convex mixed-integer nonlinear nature, the multi-computational-step, multi-dimensional, multiple-homogeneous improved melody search algorithm, referred to as a symphony orchestra search algorithm (SOSA), is used to solve the proposed framework. The performance of the newly developed framework is numerically analyzed through implementing it to the standard 33-, 54-, 119- and 136-node distribution test networks. The numerical results well corroborate the sufficiency and profitableness of the proposed framework in achieving low vulnerability and high resilience to seismic risks.
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