This is a reply to Caponigro 2019, which argues that the phrase structure theory proposed in Donati and Cecchetto 2011 and Cecchetto and Donati 2015 falls short of accounting for the attested ...patterns of free relative clauses. Caponigro questions the reliability of the data supporting D&C’s hypothesis that ever-relatives introduced by a phrase (ever+NP relatives) should not be assimilated to free relatives. This reply reports the findings of four controlled experiments in English and Italian and discusses five properties that set free relatives apart from full relatives (occurrence with a complementizer, occurrence with a relative pronoun, infinitival use, absolute use, adverbial use). Crucially, ever+NP relatives do not pattern like free relatives in any of these five domains, either in Italian or in English. This clearly shows that ever-relatives are not a counterexample to D&C’s phrase structure theory. Another potential counterexample, Romanian free relatives, is also discussed. As for ever+NP relatives, in Italian they are shown to be garden-variety headed relatives, while in English they are headed relatives that involve a D-to-D movement that is responsible for the syntactic formation of the complex determiner what+ever.
A tanulmány a belső vándorlók azon csoportját mutatja be, akik optimális esetben is csak hetente tudnak hazautazni családjukhoz. Alapját egy 2019-es interjús vizsgálat adja, amelynek keretében 24 ...ingázót és otthon maradt családtagját kérdeztek meg arról, miért döntöttek a távolsági munkavégzés mellett. Az interjúk elemzése a megkérdezettek iskolai végzettsége alapján történt, keresve az azonos és eltérő sajátosságokat. A kapott válaszok meggyőzően bizonyítják, minél alacsonyabb iskolai végzettséggel rendelkezik interjúalanyunk, annál inkább jellemző, hogy csökken a választási lehetősége és nem csak a munkahely esetében nem tud válogatni, de még abban is kiszolgáltatott, hogy hol lakjon, mivel töltse szabadidejét, mikor és mivel utazzon haza.
Las consecuencias de los escándalos de corrupción en la confianza interpersonal han sido pasadas por alto. Con series de tiempo de encuestas de los estados mexicanos, este artícu-lo muestra que los ...escándalos de corrupción dañan la confianza interpersonal. En específico, reducen la confianza en colegas/compañeros de escuela y en amigos. La confianza en vecinos, de por sí baja, no se ve afectada, quizá por un efecto "piso". La confianza en la familia aumenta, bajo ciertas circunstancias, a raíz de los escán-dalos de corrupción, posiblemente debido a un efecto de "sustitución", posterior a la pérdida de confianza en otras relaciones sociales.
This squib challenges Patterson & Caponigro's (2015, this journal) claim that there are few acceptable free relative clauses with who. We show that free relatives with who are generally acceptable ...when they are ‘transparent’ free relatives or complements of a copula, and add further nuance to their findings concerning how the degree of acceptability of free relatives with who varies according to positional factors.
The use of crop wild relatives (CWR) genes to improve crop performance is well established with important examples dating back more than 60 years. In this paper, we review available information on ...the presence of genes from CWR in released cultivars of 16 mandate crops of the CGIAR institutes, and some selected additional crops, focusing on the past 20 years--the period since a comprehensive review by Robert and Christine Prescott-Allen in 1986. It appears that there has been a steady increase in the rate of release of cultivars containing genes from CWR. While there continues to be a strong emphasis on using pest and disease resistance genes, a wider range of characteristics are being introduced than in the past. Those crops whose wild relatives have traditionally been used as sources of useful traits (e.g., wheat, tomato) continue to be most likely to include new genes from their wild relatives. CWR are continually gaining in importance and prevalence, but, we argue, their contributions to the development of new cultivars remain less than might have been expected given improved procedures for intercrossing species from different gene pools, advances in molecular methods for managing backcrossing programes, increased numbers of wild species accessions in gene banks, and the substantial literature on beneficial traits associated with wild relatives.
The objective of this paper is two-fold. One is to advance the view (call it the pro-head analysis) that the so-called internally-headed relative clause (IHRC) in Japanese is a nonrestrictive ...relative clause whose external head position is occupied by pro functioning as an E-type pronoun. It demonstrates that this view provides a natural framework in terms of which sundry and significant phenomena associated with Japanese IHRCs can be accounted for, including their characteristic properties contrasting with the corresponding change relatives and the doubly-headed relatives. The pro-head analysis contradicts a currently popular claim propagated by a series of papers that rely on null operator movement leading to the thesis that: (i) Japanese IHRCs may exhibit a “change sub-variety” (i.e., “Change IHRC”) that is not reducible to gapless externally light-headed relatives; (ii) Japanese IHRCs are strictly island-sensitive; and (iii) they disallow definite referential semantic heads. The other objective of this paper, therefore, is to present this long overdue challenge by arguing that their claims (i) ~ (iii) are not empirically sustainable, although their claim (iii) presents some difficult issues that defy clear-cut treatment as yet.
ABSTRACT Brazilian Portuguese data provide evidence to the claim I make in this paper that there are appositive free relatives, contrary to what Emonds (1979) states, for whom free relatives cannot ...have appositive semantics or syntax. I argue there are reasons to believe the wh-sentence evidenced in the title of this paper is in fact a free relative that carries appositive content, considering issues such as distribution, matching, the nature of quem and semantic content. The quem-type sentence I put into analysis in the present paper differs from an ordinary (headed) appositive relative clause for it seems to be juxtaposed to the nominal it relates to, being equivalent to it, a condition that leads to the impossibility of a relativization process in Kaynes’s (1994) terms for the derivation of this kind of sentence.
RESUMO Os dados do português brasileiro fornecem evidência para a proposta, que eu defendo no presente trabalho, de que existem relativas livres apositivas, contrariamente ao que propõe Emonds (1979), segundo quem não podem existir relativas livres com esse tipo de conteúdo e/ou comportamento sintático. Argumento aqui que há razões para crer que a sentença -wh evidenciada no título deste artigo seja na verdade uma relativa livre que carrega conteúdo apositivo, considerando questões como distribuição, matching, a natureza do termo “quem” assim como o conteúdo semântico. A sentença do tipo-quem, que ponho em análise neste artigo, difere de uma relativa apositiva comum (com antecedente expresso) por parecer estar justaposta ao nominal com o qual se conecta, sendo a ele equivalente, condição que conduz à impossibilidade de um processo de relativização nos termos do que propõe Kayne (1994) para a derivação de tais sentenças.
The aim of this paper is to compare children’s performance in a declarative object and subject relative comprehension task. Relativized Minimality proposes that object relative clauses are more ...difficult to process than subject relative clauses because they feature the intervention of the subject between the head and its trace. A comprehension test to 80 Spanish monolingual children aged from 4;6 to 7;10 was applied. Sentences with subject/object relative clauses when NPs had the same or different morphosyntactic features were tested. A significant statistical difference was found for the performance between object relatives and subject relatives, since the number of correct answers is higher in subject relatives ( p < 0.001). In addition, a significant statistical difference was found in object relatives between clauses that had the same or different morphosyntactic features, since the former were more difficult to understand ( p < 0.001). The fact that Object Relatives differed in number morphology facilitated the interpretation of the sentence.
Plant breeders require access to new genetic diversity to satisfy the demands of a growing human population for more food that can be produced in a variable or changing climate and to deliver the ...high‐quality food with nutritional and health benefits demanded by consumers. The close relatives of domesticated plants, crop wild relatives (CWRs), represent a practical gene pool for use by plant breeders. Genomics of CWR generates data that support the use of CWR to expand the genetic diversity of crop plants. Advances in DNA sequencing technology are enabling the efficient sequencing of CWR and their increased use in crop improvement. As the sequencing of genomes of major crop species is completed, attention has shifted to analysis of the wider gene pool of major crops including CWR. A combination of de novo sequencing and resequencing is required to efficiently explore useful genetic variation in CWR. Analysis of the nuclear genome, transcriptome and maternal (chloroplast and mitochondrial) genome of CWR is facilitating their use in crop improvement. Genome analysis results in discovery of useful alleles in CWR and identification of regions of the genome in which diversity has been lost in domestication bottlenecks. Targeting of high priority CWR for sequencing will maximize the contribution of genome sequencing of CWR. Coordination of global efforts to apply genomics has the potential to accelerate access to and conservation of the biodiversity essential to the sustainability of agriculture and food production.
A striking property of correlative constructions is that in them, what looks like a clausal modifier appears discontinuous from and before the phrase that it modifies. This paper shows that in ...Georgian, correlative structures share a common core with both externally and internally headed relatives. This common core is a rom clause with movement of a nominal to the edge.
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